A. Nieberding; Imperial Treasury, Freiherr von Thielmann; Imperial Post Office, Lieut.-Gen. Von Podbielski; Imperial Railroads, Dr. Schulz; Imperial Exchequer, Herr Von Wolff; Imperial Invalid Fund, Dr. Rösing; President of the Imperial Bank, Dr. Koch; President of the Imperial Debt Commission, Herr Von Hoffmann.

Area and Population.-The total area of Germany is 208,830 square miles. The population on Dec. 2, 1895, was 52,279,901, divided into 25,661,250 males and 26,618,651 females. One half of the population lives in towns of upward of 2,000 inhabitants. The number of persons supported by mining, metal works, and other industries in 1895 was 20,253,241; by agriculture, cattle raising, etc., 18,068,663; by commerce and trade, 5,966,846; by forestry, hunting, and fishing, 432,644; employed in domestic and other service, 886,807; engaged in the professions, 2,835,014; without occupation, 3,327,069. The number of foreign residents in 1895 was 486,190, of whom 222,952 were Austro-Hungarians, 50,743 Dutch, 44,875 Swiss, 28,146 Danes, 26,559 Russians and Finns, 22,693 Italians, 19,619 French, 15,788 from the United States, 15,290 British, 11,755 Luxemburgers, 8,947 Belgians, 8,937 Swedes, 2,154 Norwegians, 3,316 other Europeans, and 4,416 from other countries outside of Europe. The number of marriages in 1896 was 432,107; of births, 1,979,747; of deaths, 1,163,964; excess of births, 815,783. The number of emigrants in 1897 was 24,631, of whom 20,346 were bound for the United States, 936 for Brazil, 1,765 for other countries in America, 1,115 for Africa, 324 for Australia, and 145 for Asia. Besides Germans, 64,419 emigrants from Austria-Hungary, Russia, and other countries embarked at German ports, while 6,573 German emigrants sailed from Rotterdam and Amsterdam, still more from Antwerp, and an unknown number from French ports. Of those who sailed from German, Dutch, and Belgian ports, 12,972 were males and 10,248 females. The number of families was 2,609, comprising 8,476 individuals. Of the total number sailing from German ports, Antwerp, Rotterdam, and Amsterdam, 13,497 were from Prussia, 2,638 from Bavaria, 1,401 from Würtemberg, 1,449 from Hamburg, 950 from Saxony, 815 from Baden, 506 from Bremen, 468 from Hesse, 271 from Oldenburg, 217 from Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and 198 from AlsaceLorraine. The population of the principal towns on Dec. 2, 1895, was as follows: Berlin, 1,677,304; Hamburg, 625,552; Munich, 407,307; Leipsic, 399,963; Breslau, 373,169; Dresden, 336,440; Cologne, 321,564; Frankfort on the Main, 229, 279; Magdeburg, 214,424; Hanover, 209,535; Düsseldorf, 175,985; Königsberg, 172,796; Nuremberg, 162,386; Chemnitz, 161,017; Stuttgart, 158,321; Altona, 148,944; Bremen, 141,894; Stettin, 140,724; Elberfeld, 139,337; Strassburg, 135,608; Charlottenburg, 132,377; Barmen, 126,992; Dantzic, 125,605; Halle on the Saal, 116,304; Brunswick, 115,138; Dortmund, 111,232; Aachen, 110,551; Krefeld, 107,245.

Finances. The revenue of the Imperial Government for 1899 was fixed at 1,355,460,500 marks from ordinary sources and 57,427,000 marks from loans and other extraordinary sources; total, 1,412,886,500 marks. The extraordinary revenue was applied to military and other designated purposes. The ordinary expenditures were estimated at 1.384,152,600 marks. The total expenditures, including the extraordinary disbursements, came to 1,441.578,600 marks, according to the estimates. The estimated receipts from customs and excise were 701,490,000 marks, and from stamps 60,842,000 marks; total tax revenue, 762,332,000

This

marks. The receipts from customs, tobacco, spirits, and stamp duties in excess of 130,000,000 marks are repaid to the various states. surplus in 1899 amounted to 441,328,000 marks. The expenditures of the Imperial Government in excess of the receipts from taxation and other sources are assessed on the states in proportion to their population. These federal contributions in 1899 were fixed at 475,526,600 marks. Included in the revenues are the receipts from posts and telegraphs, amounting to 39,771,200 marks, 1,639,300 marks from the imperial printing office, 26,320,900 marks from railroads, 5,988,300 marks from the Imperial Bank, 14,470,200 marks from the various departments, 28,646,500 marks of interest on the Invalid fund, and 565,000 marks of interest on the Imperial fund. The expenditures under the separate heads were 689,400 marks for the Reichstag, 228,400 marks for the Imperial Chancellery, 11,360,700 marks for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 40,755,600 marks for the Ministry of the Interior, 511,892,500 marks for the army, 62,750,900 marks for the navy, 2,008,200 marks for the Ministry of Justice, 446,750,900 marks for the Imperial Treasury, 373,200 marks for the railroad bureau, 73,858,800 marks for expenses of the debt of the empire, 809,000 marks for the audit office, 61,713,100 marks for the Pension fund, and 28,646,600 marks for the Invalid fund; total ordinary recurring expendi ture, 1,241,836,900 marks. The total of nonrecurring and extraordinary expenditures was 199,741,700 marks. The total expenses of the army, ordinary and extraordinary, were 608,202,000 marks; of the navy, 122,054,000 marks. Of the federal contributions Prussia paid 277,727,700 marks, Bavaria 60,196,800 marks, Saxony 33,046,600 marks, Würtemberg 21,047,700 marks, Baden 16,327,700 marks, Alsace Lorraine 15,544,700 marks, Hesse 9,054,000 marks, Hamburg 5,941,600 marks, Mecklenburg-Schwerin 5,212,000 marks, Brunswick 3,787,300 marks, Oldenburg 3,258.400 marks, Saxe-Weimar 2,959,400 marks, Anhalt 2,558,000 marks, Saxe-Meiningen 2,040,000 marks, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha 1,887,900 marks, Bremen 1,713,000 marks, Saxe-Altenburg 1,574,100 marks, Lippe 1,177,300 marks, Mecklenburg-Strelitz 885,300 marks, Schwarzburg - Rudolstadt 773.800 marks, Lübeck 726,300 marks, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen 679,200 marks, Reuss-Greiz 588.200 marks, Waldeck 503,400 marks, SchaumburgLippe 359,300 marks, and Reuss-Schleiz 156,900 marks.

The funded debt of the empire in 1898 amounted to 2,141,242,300 marks, of which 901,242,300 marks pay 3 per cent., 790,000,000 marks 34 per cent., and 450,000,000 marks 4 per cent. interest. The unfunded debt consists of treasury bills to the amount of 120,000,000 marks. A war treasure of 120,000,000 marks is hoarded in the fortress of Spandau. The Invalid fund of 424,613,700 marks is invested.

The budget and debts of the individual states for 1899, or in the case of a few for 1898, are given in marks in the table on the next page.

The debts were incurred in nearly all cases for railroads and other remunerative improvements. Some of the states own the railroads free of debt, and derive most of their revenue from these and the mines and forests belonging to them. In Alsace-Lorraine there are 998 miles of state railroads. In Anhalt more than half the public revenue is derived from state property. In Baden the whole debt was incurred for railroads, which pay a net profit of 15,000,000 marks a year. Of the Bavarian debt, 1,069,000,000 marks were borrowed for railroad construction, and the

inches of Harveyized steel on sides and turrets and a 3-inch deck, with engines of 14,000 horse power, giving a speed of 19 knots, and an exceedingly powerful armament. The new secondclass cruiser is of the same design as the Victoria Luise, Hertha, Freya, Hansa, and Vineta, which have a displacement of 5,560 tons, a powerful armament, good protection, and a speed of 20 knots.

Commerce and Production.-The number of agricultural holdings worked by separate families in 1895 was 5,558,317, including pastoral holdings, orchards, vineyards, etc. There were 2,529, 132 of less than a hectare, 2,329,367 between 1 and 10 hectares, 674,757 between 10 and 100 hectares, and 25,061 above 100 hectares. The total area was 43,284,742 hectares, supporting 18,068,663 persons, of whom 8,156,045 worked on the land. There was 5,982,180 hectares under rye, 5,909,693 in meadow, 3,979,643 under oats, 3,052,790 under potatoes, 1,926,885 under wheat, 1,676,329 under barley, 461,074 under turnips, etc., 434,708 under sugar beets, 151,526 under buckwheat, 116,405 in vineyards, 40,700 planted to hops, and 22,145 planted to tobacco in 1897. The number of horses in that year was 4,038,485; of cattle, 18,490,772; of sheep, 10,866,772; of hogs, 14,274,557. Forestry is one of the most important industries of the country, and is conducted on scientific principles, under the supervision of state officials even when the forests are not the property of the state. About a fourth of the whole country is under forest; in the south and central parts from 30 to 38 per cent. The exports of fresh fish in 1897 were valued at 7,100,000 marks, while the value of 17,700,000 marks was imported, besides salt and preserved fish valued at 3,700,000 marks. There were 399 sugar works in 1897, and these worked up 13,721,601 metric tons of beet root, producing 1,738,885 tons of sugar and 342,322 tons of molasses. The pulp, used as fodder, is not less valuable than the sugar. The quantity of beet root required to produce a kilogramme of sugar had been brought down in five years from 8.35 to 7.72 kilogrammes. The quantity of refined sugar produced was 1,004,454 tons. The production of sugar from starch was 6,314 tons. The quantity of beer brewed in 1897 was 61,479,000 hectolitres, of which 16,198,000 hectolitres were produced in Bavaria, 3,795.000 in Würtemberg, 2,192,000 in Baden, 937,000 in Alsace-Lorraine, and 38,357,000 in the excise district embracing the rest of the empire. The average annual consumption is 21 gallons per capita. There were 62,108 distilleries in 1897, producing 3,101,000 hectolitres of alcohol. The production of coal in 1897 was estimated at 90,055,000 metric tons; of lignite, 29,419,500 tons; of iron ore, 15,466,000 tons; of zinc ore, 663,900 tons; of lead ore, 150,200 tons; of copper ore, 700,600 tons; of salt, 763,400 tons; of potassic salts, 1,946,200 tons. The quantity of pig iron produced in 1896 was 6,372,575 metric tons, valued at 299,660,000 marks; of zinc, 153,100 tons, valued at 47,108,000 marks; of lead, 113,793 tons, valued at 25,032,000 marks; of copper, 29,319 tons, valued at 29,174,000 marks; of silver, 428 tons, valued at 38,872,000 marks; of tin, 826 tons, valued at 952,000 marks; of gold, 2,487 kilogrammes, valued at 6,915,752 marks; of sulphur and sulphuric acid, 593,150 tons, valued at 15,313,000 marks; of nickel, bismuth, and various mineral products, 33,546 tons, valued at 10,941,149 marks. The total value of the product of foundries of various kinds in 1896 was 473,967,705 marks. The quantity of manufactured iron produced was 7,382,489 tons, valued at 916,787,819 marks.

The total value of the special imports in 1897 was 4,864,644,000 marks; of the special exports, 3,786,241,000 marks. The special imports of live animals were 180,444,000 marks in value, and special exports 23,210,000 marks; imports of animal products were 153,064,000 marks, and exports 31,300,000 marks; imports of articles of consumption were 1,434,261,000 marks, and exports 492,447,000 marks; imports of seeds and plants were 44,343,000 marks, and exports 27,882,000 marks; imports of fuel were 130,375,000 marks, and exports 177,972,000 marks; imports of fats and oils were 236,602,000 marks, and exports 30,861,000 marks; imports of chemicals, drugs, and dyes were 285,109,000 marks, and exports 358,581,000 marks; imports of stone, clay, and glass were 68,756,000 marks, and exports 151,089,000 marks; imports of metals and metal manufactures were 455,316,000 marks, and exports 585,912,000 marks; imports of timber and wood manufactures were 382,269,000 marks, and exports 147,159,000 marks; imports of paper and paper manufactures were 23,630,000 marks, and exports 105,786,000 marks; imports of leather and leather manufactures were 236,461,000 marks, and exports 230,500,000 marks; imports of rubber and rubber manufactures were 49,763,000 marks, and exports 37,483,000 marks; imports of textile materials and manufactures were 1,033,546,000 marks, and exports 917,117,000 marks; imports of machinery and instruments were 86,335,000 marks, and exports 230,551,000 marks; imports of hardware were 20,965,000 marks, and exports 109,948,000 marks; imports of books and works of art were 43,405,000 marks, and exports 127,549,000 marks; various other exports, 894,000 marks. Of the total imports, 2,311,120,000 marks were free of duty and 2,553,524,000 marks paid duties amounting to 474,889,826 marks, an average rate of 18.6 per cent. on dutiable goods. Some of the chief imports were raw cotton of the value of 243,221,000 marks; wool, 218,713,000 marks; wheat, 173,698,000 marks; coffee, 160,368,000 marks; hides, 136,547,000 marks; barley, 120,618,000 marks; woolen yarn, 99,128,000 marks; raw silk, 89,460,000 marks; horses, 84,500,000 marks; rye, 80,283,000 marks; petroleum, 75,107,000 marks. Some of the chief exports were sugar of the value of 229,898,000 marks; coal and coke, 170,085,000 marks; woolen cloth, 144,430,000 marks; trimmings and ribbons, 115,459,000 marks; mixed silk and cot

ton cloth, 83,457,000 marks; hosiery, 82,276,000 marks; leather goods, 74,534,000 marks; coarse cottons, 69,078,000 marks; aniline dyes, 67,028,000 marks; wooden wares, 63,498,000 marks; paper, 59,410,000 marks.

Navigation. The number of vessels entered at German ports during 1897 was 77,117, of 16,489,970 tons, counting vessels entered at more than one port only once; cleared, 77,734, of 16,626,628 tons. Of the vessels entered 66,383, of 15,305,328 tons, and of those cleared 56,580, of 11,046,178 tons, were with cargoes, while 10,734 of those entered, of 1,184,642 tons, were with ballast, and of those cleared 21,154, of 5,580,450 tons. Of the vessels entered with cargoes 48,578, of 8,091,316 tons, were German; 5,469, of 4,421,869 tons, were British; 4,801, of 822,676 tons, were Danish; 3,711, of 744,755 tons, were Swedish; 1,245, of 563,703 tons, were Norwegian; 1,744, of 260,368 tons, were Dutch; and 604, of 201,945 tons, were Russian. Of the number cleared with cargoes 44,301, of 7,018,987 tons, were German ships; 3,065, of 2,090,279 tons, were British; 4,454, of 660,509 tons, were Danish; 2,187, of 501,908 tons, were Swedish; 750, of 311,909 tons, were Norwegian; 1,322, of 204,277 tons, were Dutch; and 342, of 121,509 tons, were Russian. At the port of Hamburg 10,921 vessels, of 6,942,906 tons, were entered, of which 9,779, of 6,498,402 tons, were with cargoes and 1,142, of 444,504 tons, in ballast; and 11,616, of 7,168,888 tons, were cleared, of which 9,076, of 4,930,707 tons, were with cargoes and 2,540, of 2,238,181 tons, in ballast. At Bremen the number entered was 3,997, of 1,770,223 tons, of which 3,825, of 1,708,243 tons, were with cargoes; and the number cleared was 4,217, of 1,757,312 tons, of which 2,588, of 1,276,174 tons, were with cargoes. At Stettin the number entered was 4,467, of 1,459,880 tons, of which 4,384, of 1,416,258 tons, were with cargoes; the number cleared was 4,317, of 1,464,553 tons, of which 3,056, of 815,368 tons, were with cargoes. At Kiel the total number entered was 3,140, of 514,469 tons; cleared, 3,060, of 512,266 tons. At Lübeck the number entered was 2,866, of 542,809 tons; cleared, 2,862, of 546,328 tons. At Dantzic the number entered was 1,837, of 699,595 tons; cleared, 1,864, of 703,830 tons. At Königsberg the number entered was 1,590, of 326,827 tons; cleared, 1,698, of 369,614 tons.

The German merchant fleet on Jan. 1, 1898, comprised 2,522 sailing vessels, of 855,571 tons, and 1,171 steamers, of 969.800 tons. Of the sailing vessels 2,050, of 526,262 tons, and of the steamers 737, of 747.142 tons, belonged to North Sea ports, while 509 sailing vessels, of 76,703 tons, and 389 steamers, of 142,818 tons, belonged to Baltic ports. The total number of seamen was 42,428. Of the steamers 1,163 and of the sailing vessels 527 were built entirely of steel or iron. The number of vessels engaged in coasting and in inland navigation was at the same date 22,564, of which 21,945 had a total declared tonnage of 3,371,247 tons.

Railroads, Posts, and Telegraphs. The railroads of the German Empire in the beginning of 1898 had a total length of 29,461 miles, all belonging to the Government, imperial or state, except 2,502 miles, of which 172 miles were operated by the Government. These figures do not include 2,012 miles not open to public traffic nor 819 miles of narrow gauge, of which the Government owned 390 miles. The capital invested in the railroads was 11,680,193,000 marks. The receipts in 1897 were 1,595,242,000 marks, and expenses 889,053,000 marks, showing net receipts equal to 6.05 per cent. of the capital. There were

transported 270,628,000 metric tons of freight, which paid 1,041,790,000 marks in 1897, and 646,461,000 passengers, paying 428,142,000 marks, not including 175,000 soldiers not paid for.

The imperial post office in 1897 forwarded 1,292,091,978 letters, 515,399,716 postal cards, 626,085,928 books and circulars, 984,174,761 newspapers, 41,507,744 samples, and post-office orders and registered letters remitting 25,865,972,482 marks; the Bavarian post office forwarded 136,921,360 letters, 32,483,120 postal cards, 57,229,693 books and circulars, 198,517,392 newspapers, 3,360,220 samples, and postal orders and letters remitting 1,166,487,285 marks; and the Würtemberg post office forwarded 55,342,092 letters, 21,039,304 postal cards, 30,731,889 books and circulars, 49,137,301 newspapers, 1,316,926 samples, and orders and letters remitting 1,410,036,763 marks. The total traffic of all three services was 1,484,355,430 letters, 568,922,140 postal cards, 714,047,510 books and circulars, 1,231,829,454 newspapers, 46,184,890 samples, and post-office orders and registered letters of the aggregate value of 29,442,496,530 marks.

The length of telegraphs in the imperial postal district in 1897 was 74,013 miles, with 295,742 miles of wire; in Bavaria, 10,128 miles, with 30,800 miles of wire; in Würtemberg, 3,372 miles, with 9,892 miles of wire; total, 87,513 miles of line and 336,434 miles of wire. The imperial lines forwarded 25,693,469 internal and 9,823,895 foreign telegrams in 1897; the Bavarian lines 2,249,248 internal and 584,769 foreign telegrams: the Würtemberg lines 1,207,659 internal and 201,052 foreign telegrams; total, 29,150,376 internal and 10,609,716 foreign telegrams. The receipts of the imperial postal and telegraph services for 1898 were 324,783,298 marks, and expenses 290,956,745 marks; Bavarian receipts were 29,337,071 marks, and expenses 25,673,901 marks; total receipts for the empire, 367,839,846 marks; total expenses, 328,074,820 marks, leaving a surplus of 39,765,026 marks for the united services, the surplus of the imperial service being 33,826,553 marks, of the Bavarian service 3,663,170 marks, and of the Würtemberg service 2,275,303 marks.

Dependencies.-The German possessions in Africa have an aggregate area estimated at 930,760 square miles, with about 10,200,000 inhabitants (see CAPE COLONY AND SOUTH AFRICA, EAST AFRICA, and WEST AFRICA). In Asia Germany holds under a lease from the Chinese Government the naval station of Kiau-Chau Bay, on the Shantung peninsula. The leased land area is about 120 square miles, with 60,000 inhabitants. The neutral zone, over which the German Imperial Governor has control, is 2.500 square miles in extent, with 1,200,000 inhabitants. The town and harbor were occupied by a German naval force in December, 1897, transferred to Germany for ninety-nine years by treaty on March 6, 1898, and declared a German protectorate on April 27, 1898. A garrison of 1.500 marines and artillerists is stationed there. The sum voted for administrative expenses in 1900 is 8,500,000 marks. The Government has acquired land from the Chinese owners with the object of establishing a European settlement after improving the harbor and declaring the place a free commercial port. German investors will have the privilege of working the Wiehsien and Pashan coal mines, about 100 miles inland, and of building railroads to the boundary of Shantung province through these coal fields and to Chin-Chao and Tsinan.

In the Pacific Ocean Germany possesses Kaiser Wilhelm's Land in New Guinea, having an area of about 70,000 square miles and a population