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this great storage reservoir will cost, it is estimated, about $2,500,000.

Mining. It is stated that Arizona led in the increase in copper production in 1898. A St. Louis dispatch in June said that a company just incorporated has a claim in Pima County on which is a hill 225 feet high, that by actual measurement shows 3,500,000 cubic yards of copper, gold, and silver ores, or about 8,000,000 tons.

Great activity has been shown in the copper districts this year, and one estimate placed the probable product as high as $13,000,000, with half that amount in gold and silver. Among the important copper districts are Clifton, Jerome, Bisbee, and Globe, and new properties are developing in the vicinity of Tucson.

In November it was reported that a rich bed of porphyry and porphyritic schist carrying gold and silver had been discovered in Placerita gulch in the northern part of the Territory, and that several samples of a 46-foot cut across the cleavage of the schist showed an average of $4 to $8 per ton, while in other places averages of shafts and pits showed values of more than $12 a ton.

About the same time much excitement was caused by the discovery of great beds of platinum in the Cataract creek country. Gold and aluminum are also found there. The principal claims are about 40 miles from Williams, and that town was said to be almost depopulated, while the road between was swarming with conveyances of every kind.

The Territorial Geologist says: "Arizona shows the occurrence of several of the rarer minerals, such as vanadinite, wolframite, and hübnerite, in quantities sufficient for commercial exploitation. An important development of the turquoise in dustry has been commenced at Turquoise mountain, in Mohave County. Ancient Aztec workings have been cleaned out, and hundreds of prehistoric implements have been found. The Territory contributes to the list of beautiful gems in addition to turquoise. The peridotes are highly valued and in greater demand; so also the rubylike garnets of the Navajo country. The onyx of Yavapai County has not lost its beauty or its measure of appreciation."

Legislative Session. The Legislature met Jan. 16, and adjourned March 16. Morris Goldwater was President of the Council, and Henry F. Ashurst Speaker of the House. There were 4 Republican and 8 Democratic members of the Council, and the House was composed of 11 Republicans and 13 Democrats. Including the general appropriation bill, 69 acts were passed.

A new county, Santa Cruz, was created from the eastern part of Pima County, making the whole number of counties 13.

An act abolishing the Loan Commission was vetoed, but passed over the veto. The Immigration Commission also was abolished, and the boards of supervisors of first-class counties may appoint commissioners of immigration. Another act abolished the Board of Equalization.

A residence of six months in the Territory was made a condition for a voter, and poll taxes must be paid before registration.

The Governor was authorized and directed to appoint, within twenty days after the passage of the act, a commission consisting of three competent lawyers, not more than two of whom should be of the same political party, to revise the laws of the Territory, eliminating all "crude, useless, imperfect, and contradictory matter."

To encourage the building of railroads a measure was passed exempting them from taxation for ten years. Canals and reservoirs constructed

for irrigation and manufacturing were also exempted.

Other important bills were for taxation of insurance companies and for regulation of the acknowledgment of deeds and the release of mortgages. The militia law was repealed.

Memorials to Congress were adopted, asking for an appropriation of $20,000 for building a dam on Gila river, for increase of legislators' pay from $4 to $8, and for statehood. Other acts were:

For compulsory school attendance.
Regulating homestead exemptions.
Amending the prize-fight law.

To lower the interest on Territorial warrants. Providing for free libraries and reading rooms in municipalities.

Making privileged certain communications to physicians and surgeons.

Fixing the age of consent at sixteen. For the protection of the American flag. To encourage prospecting, and fixing assayers' rates.

ARKANSAS, a Southern State, admitted to the Union June 15, 1836; area, 53,850 square miles. The population, according to each decennial census since admission, was 97,574 in 1840; 209,897 in 1850; 435,450 in 1860; 484,471 in 1870; 802,525 in 1880; and 1,128,179 in 1890. By estimates based on the school census of 1897 it was 1,302,185 in that year. Capital, Little Rock.

Government. The following were the State officers during the year: Governor, Daniel W. Jones; Secretary of State, Alexander C. Hull; Treasurer, Thomas E. Little; Auditor, Clay Sloan; Attorney-General, Jefferson Davis; Superintendent of Education, J. J. Doyne; Commissioner of Mines, Manufactures, and Agriculture, Frank Hill; Railroad Commissioners, appointed in March, Robert Neill, J. G. Wallace, Henry W. Wells; Mine Inspector, Robert Boyd; Land Commissioner, J. W. Colquitt; Inspector of Wines, Carl A. Starck; Board of Charities, S. H. Davidson, T. H. Matthews, J. J. Thomas, J. W. Meeks, G. M. Heard, succeeded in March by G. L. Basham, and J. G. B. Simms, succeeded by W. A. Jeffers; Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Henry G. Bunn; Associate Justices, Simon P. Hughes, C. D. Wood, Burrill B. Battle, and James E. Riddick; Clerk, P. D. English-all Democrats.

Valuations and Finances.-The amount of taxable property in the State, exclusive of Crittenden County, is $176,423,418. Crittenden County's total in 1898 was $2,089,025. This indicates an increase of about $1,000,000. The value of real property is $118,718,357; of personal, $57,705,061.

The rate of taxation, as fixed by the Legisla ture for this year and the next, for State purposes, is 5 mills, an increase of three quarters of a mill. Of this, 2 mills are for general purposes, 2 mills for schools, and a quarter mill for pensions. The necessity for the other mill is explained by the Auditor as follows: "First, our agreement and solemn pledge made to the United States Government to pay her $160,000 within the next year, as the balance on our debt found due to the Government and duly acknowledged by act of Legislature of 1897; and, second, since the Legislature had passed the funding act, calling in all old bonds which bear 6 per cent. for exchange for new bonds bearing 3 per cent., it was certainly nothing more than common ordinary honesty to provide a fund out of which the interest on the new issue could be promptly and fully paid when due, which will be done out of balance of one-mill sinking-fund tax after paying

our obligations to the United States. Not only will these obligations be promptly met, but from this rate of taxes, within the next two years, Arkansas will call in and cancel $375,000 of old scrip outstanding against her, and for many years overdue, and bring down the balance owed on bonded indebtedness, three fourths of which will be in her school fund, cleared of all doubt and confusion, and with funds ready to meet her obligations as they mature."

Canceled school bonds and coupons to the amount of $1,085,200 were burned in August, having been replaced by new 3-per-cent. bonds. The finances are now in better condition than ever, according to the report. The total outstanding debt of the State is $2,045,867; but of this the common-school fund owns $468,885, the sixteenthsection fund $656,450, and the State University $86,970, leaving due to private parties $833,562.

Pensions. At the close of 1898 there were 1,178 pensioners on the ex-Confederate State pension roll, drawing amounts from $25 to $100 per annum. The total amount of pension fund on hand for 1898 was in round numbers $44,000, which when prorated to the pensioners on the roll gave them 94 per cent. of their full allowance. The law says there shall be paid out of the treasury of the State to every soldier who has been for twelve months preceding the date of his application a resident of the State, and who is indigent and incapacitated for manual labor by reason of a wound received while in discharge of his duties as a soldier in the service of the State of Arkansas or of the Confederate States of America, certain amounts annually, according to the degree of disability.

Charities and Corrections.-At the Asylum for the Insane 787 patients were under treatment in 1898; 604 remained at the end of the year. The percentage of recoveries was 44 of those admitted, and the death rate 6.89 per cent. of all treated. The average cost of a patient is $91.08 a year. Of the sum of $120,000, appropriated for the two years ending April 1, 1899, $62,004.36 had been expended by Sept. 30, 1898.

The buildings of the Deaf-mute Institute were destroyed by fire Sept. 30. The loss was about $200,000, and there was no insurance. The use of Fort Logan H. Roots was granted for the school until permanent quarters could be built. Only about 38 persons were in the buildings at the time of the fire, which was before the opening of the term. The whole number, including pupils and teachers, is about 300. Steps have been taken to rebuild immediately.

The report of the superintendent of the Penitentiary gives the following details: "We had in this institution on Dec. 31, 1898: White males, 275; colored males, 639; colored females, 10; Indian males, 4; total, 928. The average population for 1897-'98 was 963; the average population for 1895-'96 was 931; an increase in population during last two years of 32. The greatest number ever confined in the Penitentiary of this State was reached April 6, 1898, being 1,005. Our total revenue for the years 1897-'98 from sale of farm products, sale of wood in the city, and the hire of convicts is $226,969.61. Our balance on Dec. 31, 1898, was: Cash in State treasury, $48,310.66; cotton and cotton seed unsold, estimated, $37,500; personal assets, appraised valuation, $62,251.78; total assets, not including real estate, $148,062.44." The cost of maintenance is $69.21 a year. A camp has been established 18 miles from the city, where the women and the white boys under twenty-one are kept.

The State has contracted the labor of 300 conVOL. XXXIX.-3 A

victs to be used in railroad construction. Heretofore most of the convicts have been worked at raising cotton on the share system.

Education.-There are 465,830 children of school age in the State, and the apportionment of State money gives them 86 cents per capita. Actually enrolled in the public schools are 296,785, of whom 220,736 are white and 76,049 colored. Enrolled in private and denominational schools are 5,835.

During the summer 34 institutes were held for white teachers with a total enrollment of 1,547, and 15 for colored teachers with a total enrollment of 761. The State received $2,000 from the Peabody fund; no appropriation was made by the Legislature.

By act of the General Assembly the State University, at Fayetteville, is to be known as the University of Arkansas.

Railroads. During the first eight months of the year 234 miles of track were added to the railway mileage in the State.

The last rail on the Choctaw and Memphis road was laid Oct. 12. This line includes the Little Rock and Memphis and the Choctaw, Oklahoma and Gulf, with new connecting track, making a line of 563 miles from Memphis to Weatherford, Indian Territory.

The Arkansas Northern, to run 211 miles northwest to Springfield, Mo., has been incorporated. Other shorter roads are in process of construction. The Searcy and Des Arc is a consolidation of the Searcy and West Point and the Des Arc and Northern, and is to be made a continuous line between the towns. The Deckerville, Osceola and Northern is running from Deckerville to Osceola, and opening up a vast territory.

The Jonesboro, Lake City and Eastern is running trains over a large portion of its tracks, and is building more lines, intending to have a through line from Jonesboro to the river. The Hoxie and Southern is also running trains, and will have through connection with the fast trains of the Kansas City Company. The Arkansas Central from Fort Smith to Paris, 46 miles, is practically completed.

The New Capitol.-The Attorney-General instituted proceedings to test the constitutionality of the act providing for a new Capitol. The grounds of action were that the part of the act appropriating $50,000 to enable the commissioners to begin the work was not passed by a twothird vote in the House, as required by the Constitution for an appropriation bill; also that the act provided that the new building should occupy the present Penitentiary site, and invested the Penitentiary commissioners with authority to buy land and build a new Penitentiary, which provision was not mentioned in the title of the act. Without waiting for the decision, the Capitol commissioners Gov. Jones, G. W. Murphy, G. W. Donaghey, C. G. Newman, J. M. Levesque, A. H. Carrigan, and R. M. Hancock-went on with the work, and ground was broken July 4. G. R. Mann is the architect employed. The decision of the Supreme Court was given Oct. 7, affirming the constitutionality of the act, the court holding that the Legislature has the power to determine what expenses come under the head of "necessary expenses of the government" which do not require a two-third vote, and that the provision for the new Penitentiary comes under the general purpose of the bill, and need not be specially mentioned in the title. The cost of the Capitol is limited to $1,000,000.

Labor. There was a long strike this year of miners in the western part of the State, the cen

ter of trouble being Huntington, Sebastian County. The importation of negroes from Kentucky to take the place of strikers threatened to bring on a race war, and the Governor issued an order to the sheriff to prevent the imported laborers from debarking; but he afterward modified the order so as to allow "orderly, respectable white laborers" to come in, and promised them protection. More negroes and others were brought in, and a State court issued an injunction restraining companies from importing miners and railroad companies from bringing them in from other States; but the injunction was dissolved by the Federal court for the western district of Arkansas. There was a riot at Huntington, May 15, in which one man was killed and another wounded in an attack on a mine and some miners' boarding houses. A number of miners were sentenced in July to imprisonment for five to ten months for violating the injunction of the court restraining strikers from interfering with the operation of the coal mines and from intimidating the men at work. It was estimated that the strike had caused a loss of at least $1,250,000.

The report of the Mine Inspector for 1898 says the question of child labor still continues a problem, parents being found willing to swear to anything in order to keep their children at work. Lawlessness.-At Hot Springs, March 16, a political feud ended in a street riot, in which five men lost their lives.

A so-called race war took place in March in Little River County, in the extreme southwestern part of the State. It was believed that 23 negroes were in a plot to begin a race war, and mobs of white men turned out to hunt them down. The dispatch said: "The exact number of negroes who have been summarily dealt with, or those who may yet fall into the hands of the mob before order is restored, may never be known. Seven bodies have been found, and other victims are being hunted, and will meet the same fate when run to earth. The work of dispatching the first two or three was easy, but the news soon spread among the negroes, who, instead of making the resistance and offering the battle that they had threatened, became panic-stricken, and began getting out of the community as quickly as possible. Two whose names were on the list of conspirators got a good start of the men who were detailed to look after them, and succeeded in reaching the Texas State line before being captured. However, they did not escape. They were overtaken, out of breath and exhausted, and were swung up without ceremony."

A so-called vigilance committee in August notified the colored residents of Paragould, Greene County, that they must leave the town. Many of them applied to the mayor, who declined to promise them protection. They left in large numbers, and the houses of those remaining were stoned. The citizens held a mass meeting, and deplored the action of the mob. They called upon the authorities to afford protection to all residents without regard to color.

De Queen. The town of De Queen, on the Kansas City, Pittsburg and Gulf Railroad, 50 miles north of Texarkana, was almost totally burned up in the night of Oct. 1. Fifty-four business houses, including banks and hotels, were destroyed. The town was incorporated July 5, 1897, and has grown very rapidly since the completion of the railroad. About 10,000 bales of cotton are handled there each year.

Legislative Session. The General Assembly convened Jan. 10 and adjourned April 19, after the longest session in the history of the State.

M. J. Manning was President of the Senate, and A. F. Vandeventer was Speaker of the House. The most important act of the session was the antitrust law. It provides that any person or corporation which shall be a party to any pool or agreement to fix prices or premiums shall be deemed guilty of conspiracy to defraud, and be liable to a fine of $200 to $5,000 for each violation of the law, and that every day such corporation or person shall continue to do so shall be regarded as a separate offense. As interpreted by the Attorney-General, it excluded from transacting business in the State not only corporations and companies combining to fix rates in Arkansas, but all such as were members of any such associations in combination to fix or limit prices anywhere. As soon as the bill was signed all foreign fire insurance companies authorized to do business in the State, of which there were 63, withdrew, and policies were obtainable only in the two or three mutual companies organized and incorporated under the State laws.

The business men of Little Rock held a meeting, and appealed to the Legislature to modify one of the provisions of the law, that they might be able to insure their property in legitimate insurance companies. One of the houses laid the appeal on the table; the other indefinitely postponed it. A member of the Legislature, Hon. J. E. Wood, told the business men, in an address, that "they were to blame for the passage of the bill, for not taking more interest in politics and electing men to the Legislature who were more closely in touch with the business interests of the State." For this declaration he was censured by the House, but afterward a resolution was adopted expunging the censure from the record. Cases to test the validity of the law were brought in the circuit court, and decision was given that the law could not apply to companies in combinations in other States if they had not entered into any agreement to control rates in Arkansas. This decision was affirmed by the Supreme Court.

Four other acts affecting insurance companies were passed. One requires every corporation for whatever business organized to file with the Secretary of State a copy of its charter and a certificate of appointment of an agent for service; another is an amendment of the valued-policy law, applying to real property only, and making the amount upon which premium is collected a liquidated demand in case of loss; another provides that in suit upon policy issued on personal property proof of substantial compliance with the terms of the policy by the insured is sufficient to recover; the last applies to fraternal orders, and requires such associations to file a copy of their constitution and by-laws and a statement of their condition with the Auditor of State on March 1 of each year, and pay a fee of $10.

An act was passed establishing a railroad commission. Its title is: "An Act to provide for the regulation of railroad freight and passenger tariffs in this State, to prevent unjust discriminations and extortions in the rates charged for the transportation of passengers and freight, and to prohibit railroad companies, corporations, and lessees in this State from charging other than just and reasonable rates and to punish the same, and prescribe a mode of procedure and rules of evidence in relation thereto; and to appoint commissioners and to prescribe rules for their government and define their powers and duties in relation to the same."

The Governor was authorized to appoint the three commissioners, to serve until the next general election, by and with the advice and consent

of the General Assembly in joint session. The salary of each commissioner was fixed at $2,500, to be paid by the State.

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By an act "to suppress the illegal sale of liquors, and to destroy the same when found in prohibited districts," any chancellor, circuit judge, justice of the peace, mayor, or police judge, upon his own information or that of others given to him that spirituous liquors have been shipped to any prohibition district to be sold contrary to law, may issue a warrant directed to a constable, marshal, sheriff, or chief of police, commissioning him to search for and, upon finding any such liquors, to publicly destroy the same." In November this law was declared invalid in a circuit court, on the ground that it allowed the confiscation of one's personal property without due process of law.

The Governor sent a special message, calling the attention of the Legislature to the prevalence of smallpox in parts of the State; and an appropriation of $5,200 was made to the Board of IHealth for the purpose of preventing the spread

of the disease.

The appointment of a board of Capitol commissioners was provided for. They are to have in charge the building of a new Statehouse on the present site of the Penitentiary. Each commissioner receives $5 a day while actually engaged, and 5 cents a mile in traveling to and from the capital.

The office of State Wine Inspector was created. It is to be the duty of the inspector to procure samples of any wine sold in the State which he has reason to believe impure, to have it analyzed, and to institute prosecutions in cases where the wine falls below the standard.

Railroad companies are to be responsible for rough handling of baggage in sums of not less than $25 nor more than $200.

The widow of a deceased Confederate soldier or sailor who has remained unmarried may apply for a pension after the death of her husband."

A county court may contract for the work of county prisoners with a person in another county, or may order the prisoners worked on the public roads.

All coal mined and paid for by weight must be weighed before it is screened.

In counties where there is no poorhouse county judges may let out the paupers to the lowest responsible bidder.

County-farm convicts are to be credited with 75 cents for each day they are on the farm, whether they work or not.

Marriages heretofore solemnized by mayors are declared legal and binding, and children born of parents so married are declared legitimate.

Other acts of the session were:

Appropriating $5,000 to pay costs incurred in enforcing the antitrust law.

Making it unlawful to kill deer for pleasure or pastime in Mississippi, Crittenden, and Cross Counties.

Amending the mechanics' lien law; suit to be instituted within fifteen months.

Allowing ex-Confederate and Union soldiers to peddle without license.

Appropriating $55,000 for disabled ex-Confederate soldiers.

To give the mortgagor right of redemption twelve months after date, when real property is sold under foreclosure.

For better protection of labor in the milling and manufacturing industries of Arkansas; wages to be paid in currency.

To better inform claimants of delinquent lands

that same have been forfeited for nonpayment of taxes.

Requiring physiology and hygiene to be taught in public schools, with special reference to the effects of alcoholic drinks.

To extend the land grant to the Mississippi River, Hamburg and Western Railroad. Authorizing mechanics and artisans to sell personal property on which they hold liens. Relieving husbands of responsibility for antenuptial debts of their wives.

Making it a misdemeanor to sell or give to minors under twenty-one cigarettes or material for making them, under penalty of a fine of $100 to $300; or to sell or give to minors under fifteen cigars or tobacco in any form, under penalty of $10 to $50.

Making it unlawful to catch, kill, or injure any wild Chinese pheasant for five years from April 10, 1899.

A joint resolution was passed to submit a proposed amendment to the Constitution, permitting State and county officers to give bonds in guarantee companies.

A resolution proposing an amendment exempting new cotton and woolen manufacturing industries from taxation for five years was defeated in the Senate.

The appropriations amounted to $1,136,385.30. A bill to separate the school money raised by special levy, so that the part paid by white taxpayers should go to the support of white schools, and that paid by colored to colored schools, was introduced in the House, but failed.

ASSOCIATIONS FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE. American. The fortyeighth meeting of the American Association was held in Columbus, Ohio, during Aug. 19-26, 1899. The officers of the meeting were: President, Edward Orton, of Columbus, Ohio. Vice-presidents

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Ill.; H, Thomas Wilson, Washington city; and I, Marcus Benjamin, Washington city. Permanent secretary, Leland O. Howard, Washington city. General secretary, Frederick Bedell, Ithaca, N. Y. Secretary of the council, Charles Baskerville, Chapel Hill, N. C. Secretaries of the sections: A, John F. Hayford, Washington city; B, William Hallock, New York city; C, Henry A. Weber, Columbus, Ohio; D, James M. Porter, Easton, Pa.; E, Arthur Hollick, New York city; F, Charles L. Marlatt, Washington city, in place of Frederick W. True; G, William A. Kellerman, Columbus, Ohio; H, Edward W. Scripture, New Haven, Conn.; I, Calvin M. Woodward, St. Louis, Mo. Treasurer, Robert S. Woodward, New York city.

Opening Proceedings. The usual regular preliminary meeting of the council with which the association begins its sessions was held in the Chittenden Hotel on Aug. 20, at noon. At this session the final details pertaining to the arrangements of the meeting were settled, and the reports of the local committees acted on. The names of 55 applicants for membership were favorably considered, which number, together with 26 names acted on at meetings of the council held in New York city on Dec. 27, 1898, and in Washington city on April 23, 1899, brought the total membership up to 1810. The general session with which the public meeting began was held in the chapel of the Ohio State University at 10 A. M., on Aug. 21. The meeting was called to order by the retiring president, Frederic W. Putnam, of Cambridge, Mass., who said that "Columbus, as the capital of the great State of Ohio, was a fitting place for the American Association for the Advancement of Science to begin the second half of the century of its existence," and introduced Dr. Edward Orton as the presiding officer for the meeting. An address of welcome was made by Attorney-General Axline, representing Gov. Bushnell; also one on behalf of Mayor Swartz was presented by Judge Earnhart. President Thompson welcomed the association on behalf of the university. He said: "The Ohio State University is exceedingly happy in the privilege of extending a welcome to you, not only in her own name, but in the name of all these institutions which are to do so much in the future for industrial and scientific education in the great West. We recognize in this association a body of men devoted to the study of science and scientific education. We trust that your stay with us will assure you that the Ohio State University proposes to prove her right to existence by ministering to the needs of the people, and by presenting to them an open opportunity to the best that modern education can supply."

In behalf of the association President Orton returned cordial thanks for the welcome given. In the course of his remarks he described the great geographical range of the association, saying: "It transcends not only all State limits, but national boundaries as well. An organization that represents the United States takes in a respectable part of the land areas of the planet, but this is not merely a United States organization. It especially includes that potent and ambitious neighbor of ours to the northward, that owns more than 3,000,000 square miles, or a full half of the North American continent. Our name is broad enough to include also our neighbors to the southward, Mexico and the Central American republics." In referring to the work of the association, he said: "Its very title indicates that the work is incomplete, that it is

still in progress. Its founders fifty years ago

clearly saw that they were in the early morning of a growing day. The most unexpected and marvelous progress has been made since that date, but as yet there is no occasion and no prospect of occasion to modify the title. We are still laboring for the advancement of science, for the discovery of new truth. The field, which is the world, was never so white to the harvest as now, but it is still early morning on the dial of science. Our contributions to the advancement of science are often fragmentary and devoid of special interest to the outside world. But every one of them has a place in the great temple of knowledge, and the wise master builders, some of whom appear in every generation, will find them all and use them all at last, and then only will their true value come to light."

The usual announcements were then made, after which the session was adjourned.

Address of the Retiring President.—The association met again in the auditorium of the Board of Trade on Monday evening to listen to the retiring address of President Putnam, who since 1886 has held the chair of American Archæology and Ethnology in Harvard University, and has also been the curator of the department of anthropology at the American Museum of Natural History in New York city since 1894. The subject of his address was A Problem in American Anthropology. In opening he referred to the recent death of Daniel G. Brinton, a past president, saying, “By his death American anthropology has suffered a serious loss, and a great scholar and earnest worker has been taken from our association." Then, taking up his subject proper, he said: "We are still disputing the evidence furnished by craniology, by social institutions, and by language in relation to the unity or diversity of the existing American tribes and their predecessors on this continent." He discussed at length the paper read before the association in 1857 by James D. Dana on Thoughts on Species, and then one by Sir Daniel Wilson, and finally one by Lewis H. Morgan, in each of which the assumed unity of the American race was held. He also showed that Edward J. Payne, in his recent History of the New World called America, likewise expressed his belief in the antiquity and unity of the American tribes. Then, taking up the subject of craniology, he described the methods of studying skulls, and claimed that "the many differing characteristics exhibited in a large collection of crania, brought together from various portions of America, north and south, are reducible to several great groups. These may be generally classed as the Eskimo type, the northern and central or so-called Indian type, the northwestern brachycephalic type, the southwestern dolichocephalic type, the Toltecan brachycephalic type, and the Antillean type, with probably the ancient Brazilian, the Fuegian, and the pre-Inca types of South America. Each of these types is found in its purity in a certain limited region, while in other regions it is more or less modified by admixture. Thus the Toltecan or ancient Mexican type (which, united with the Peruvian, was separated as the Toltecan family even by Morgan) occurs, more or less modified by admixture, in the ancient and modern pueblos and in the ancient earthworks of our central and southern valleys. In Peru, more in modern than in ancient times, there is an admixture of two principal types. At the north of the continent we again find certain traits that possibly indicate a mixture of the Eskimo with the early coast peoples both on the Pacific and on the Atlantic sides of the continent.

The

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