Each State was to retain its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right which was not by the confederation expressly delegated to the United States in Congress assembled. By the Articles of Confederation the States entered into a FIRM LEAGUE OF FRIENDSHIP With each other for their common defence, the security of their liberties, and their mutual and general welfare. They bound themselves to assist each other against all attacks made upon them for any pretence whatever. The inhabitants of each of the States (paupers, vagabonds, and fugitives from justice excepted) were to be entitled to all privileges and immunities of free citizens in the several States. The people of each State were to have free ingress and egress to and from any other State. They were to enjoy therein all the privileges of trade and commerce, and be subject to the same restrictions and duties as the inhabitants. No State could subject the property of the other States or of the United States to any restrictions or duties. If any person charged with treason, murder, or other high misdemeanor in one State should flee to another State, he was to be delivered up on demand of the governor of the State from which he fled, and removed to the State having jurisdiction of the offence.

3. Full faith and credit was to be given in each State to the records, acts, and judicial proceedings in every other State. Delegates to Congress were to be annually appointed by the legislatures of each State. Each State reserved to itself the power to recall its delegates, and send others in their stead for the remainder of the year. No State was to have less than two, nor more than seven delegates. No person was to be a delegate for more than

State to retain? Into what did the States enter by the Articles of Confederation? For what purpose? To what did they bind themselves? To what were the inhabitants of each State entitled? What were they to enjoy in other States? To what were they subject? What property was exempt from duty? What was the agreement as to delivering fugitives from justice?

3. To what was full faith and credit to be given in each State? By whom were delegates to Congress to be appointed? For what time?

three years, in any term of six years. Delegates were not competent to hold any office under the United States, for which they would receive any salary or fees. Each State was to maintain its own delegates. Each State was to have one vote only in Congress. Members could not be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of Congress, for any speech or debate in Congress. They were privileged from arrest in going to, attending on, and returning from Congress, except for treason, felony, or breach of the peace.

4. No State was to send or receive any ambassador, or enter into any conference or alliance with any king, prince, or State. No person holding any office of trust or profit under the United States or any State could accept any present, office, emolument, or title from any king, prince, or foreign State. The United States and each State were prohibited from granting any title of nobility. No two States could enter into any treaty between themselves, without the consent of Congress. No State could lay any duties which would interfere with any of the treaties entered into by the United States. No State was to keep any vessels of war in time of peace, without consent of Congress. Every State was to keep up a well-regulated and disciplined militia, fully armed and equipped. No State was to engage in war without the consent of the United States, unless actually invaded, or the danger so imminent as not to admit of delay. No State was to grant letters of marque or reprisal, unless such State is infested with pirates.

What power in reference to its delegates did each State reserve to itself? What was to be the number of delegates? For what time appointed? For what time eligible? To what offices were they ineligible? How supported? How many votes was each State to have in Congress? To what privilege of speech were they entitled? When privileged from arrest?

4. Could a State send or receive ambassadors? Could a State enter into an alliance with any king, prince, or foreign State? Who were prohibited from accepting any present, office, emolument, or title from any king, prince, or foreign State? What governments were prohibited from granting titles of nobility? Could two States form a treaty between

5. When any land forces were raised by any State for the common defence, all officers under the rank of colonel were to be appointed by the legislature of the State. All vacancies were to be filled in the same manner. All expenses incurred in war for the common defence or general welfare were to be defrayed out of the common treasury. The common treasury was to be supplied by the several States in proportion to the value of the real estate in each. The taxes were to be assessed and collected by the several States.

6. The United States were to have the sole and exclusive right of determining on peace and war; sending and receiving ambassadors; entering into treaties and alliances; deciding what captures are legal; granting letters of marque and reprisal; appointing courts for the trial of piracies and felonics committed on the high seas; determining all controversies between two or more States. When one State had a controversy with another State, the State was to present a petition to Congress, stating the matter in question, and praying for a hearing. Notice, by the order of Congress, was to be given to the other State in controversy. A day was assigned for the appearance of the parties. Judges were to be appointed, by mutual consent, to hear and determine the matter in question. If the parties could not agree in selecting judges, Congress was to name three persons from each State; and each party, beginuing with the petitioner, was alternately to strike out one name, until the number should be reduced

themselves? What was the rule adopted as to duties on commerce? As to keeping vessels of war in times of peace? What was every State to keep up? Could one State engage in war without the consent of the United States? Could a State grant letters of marque or reprisal?

5. When any land forces were raised by any State, by whom were the regimental officers appointed? How were vacancies filled? How were the expenses of a war for the common defence to be paid? How was the common treasury to be supplied? By whom were the taxes to be as sessed and collected?

6. What sole and exclusive rights were the United States to have? When one State had a controversy with another State, how was the process of settlement commenced and conducted? How were the judges to

to thirteen. From that number, not less than seven, nor more than nine, were to be drawn out by lot. The persons whose names were so selected, or any five of them, were to be judges to hear and determine the controversy. Each commissioner was required to take an oath "well and truly to hear and determine the matter in question according to the best of his judgment, without favor, affection, or hope of reward."

7. The United States were to have the sole and exclusive right to regulate the alloy and value of coin struck by their authority, or by the authority of the several States. They were to fix the standard of weights and measures, and regulate the trade and manage all affairs with the Indians, not members of any of the States. They were to establish and regulate post-offices, and postage on letters passing through the same. They were to appoint all officers of the land forces in the service of the United States, except regimental officers. They were to appoint all officers of the naval forces, and commission all officers in the service of the United States. They were to make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces, and direct their operations.

8. Congress had power to appoint a committee to sit in the recess of Congress. They had power to appoint one of their number president for one year. Such president was ineligible for the next two years. They had power to ascertain the sum of money necessary to be raised for the service of the United States, and to appropriate and apply the same for defraying the public expenses. They had power to borrow money or emit bills on the credit of

be appointed? If the parties could not agree? How many were to be drawn? What oath were the commissioners required to take?

7. Which government was to regulate the alloy and value of coin? To fix the standard of weights and measures? To regulate trade with the Indians? To establish post-offices? What officers were the United States to appoint? What government made the rules for the regulation of the land and naval forces?

8. For what purpose did Congress appoint a committee? By whom was their president elected? For what time? For what time thereafter was he ineligible? What sums of money did Congress have power to

the United States. They had power to build and equip a navy. They had power to agree upon the number of land forces, and to make requisitions upon each State for its quota. Every State was to abide by the determination of the United States, in Congress assembled, on all questions which, by the Articles of Confederation, were submitted to them. The Articles of Confederation were to be inva riably observed by every State, and THE UNION WAS TO BE

PERPETUAL.

CHAPTER XI.

FORMATION OF CONSTITUTIONS.

1. WHILE the American army were contending for liberty on the battle-field, occasionally bearing away a trophy of victory, and Congress was preparing for the permanent establishment of our national government, the several States were founding and establishing their State governments. In the colonial governments, which existed previous to the declaration of independence, the chief executive officer was the governor appointed by the government of England. When the colonies became independent States, they retained the office of governor, but changed the mode of appointment. By the several State constitutions, the choice of governor was transferred to the people, to be determined by the ballots of the qual

ascertain, appropriate, and apply? By what government was the navy to be built and equipped? What government determined the number of land forces to be raised? On what questions were the States to abide by the determination of the United States in Congress assembled ? What was to be inviolably observed by every State? How long was this union of States to remain ?

1. While the American army were contending for liberty on the battle-field, what action was Congress and the legislatures of the States taking? Who was the chief executive officer in the colonial governments? How appointed? What did the colonies retain when they became States? What did they change? How chosen under the State constitutions? Un