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CONTRACTIONS USED IN REFERENCES.

Where not otherwise stated, the geological maps are in colors, and the works containing them are in octavo.

When a map contains a part of countries belonging to other great geographical divisions, as adopted in this catalogue, it is always placed in the division embracing most of its area. For instance, the "Carte géologique des bords du Lac Champlain," embracing parts of Vermont, New York, and Canada, is put in New England, because it covers more of Vermont than it does of Canada or New York, but in the index of places New York and Canada are referred to as countries contained in the map.

In the chronological order, when no question of priority is involved, the maps of the same year are classified in the alphabetical order of their authors.

Amer. Journ. Silliman.-The American Journal of Science and Arts. New Haven, Conn.

Ann. New York Acad. Sci.-Annals of the New York Academy of Science. New York.

Bull. Soc. Géol. France.-Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France. Paris.

Geol. Surv. Canada.-Geological Survey of Canada.

2d Geol. Surv. Pennsylvania.-Second Geological Survey of Pennsyl vania.

Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences.-Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 4to. Philadelphia.

Journ. Geol. Soc. London.-The Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London.

Mem. Mus. Comp. Zoöl. at Cambridge.-Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, Mass.

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences.-Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc.-Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society held at Philadelphia for promoting Useful Knowledge.

Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc.-Transactions of the American Philosophical Society held at Philadelphia for promoting Useful Knowledge. 4to. Trans. Amer. Inst. Mining Engrs.-Transactions of the American In

Trans. Lit. and Hist. Soc. Quebec.-Transactions of the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec.

Trans. North of England Inst. Mining Engrs.-Transactions of the North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers. Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. Territories.-United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories. Washington.

Zeitsch. Deut. Geol. Gesells.-Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft. Berlin.

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INTRODUCTION.

The late Uricoechea, of Bogota, when he offered me a copy of his "Mapoteca Colombiana1" said: "I hope that the study of this catalogue may lead you to undertake another one on the geological maps of America. Our views on the ancient geography of the world discovered by Columbus, and on the aboriginal or Indian origin of the name Americ are so harmonious, and geology being the history of the earth, a catalogue of all the geological maps published on America will be an important chapter in the history of Columbian cartography."

I have now endeavored to fulfill the wish of my friend. Taking for a model his "Mapoteca Colombiana," a work which is out of print and has become rare, I have united in chronologic and geographic order all the maps relating to American geology known to me.

In general, catalogues of maps are not numerous. Those of geological maps only are very rare. I know of only one purporting to comprise the maps of all the world; it is the "Geognostische Karten unseres Jahrhunderts." Zusammengestellt von Bernhard Cotta, Freiberg (Saxony), 1850. 8vo of only 60 pages. The author, although he has placed in it maps pertaining purely to physical geography, such as the geographical distribution of volcanoes, has only succeeded in enumerating 571 geognostical maps. America is placed in the last division "VI. Ausser-Europa," and its geological maps are united with those of Asia, Africa, Australia, and Oceania. All these large geographical divisions outside of Europe have but 53 numbers, of which 30 belong to maps on the geology of America; and several of the numbers indicate memoirs without geological maps properly so called, and some even without any kind of a map; for instance, No. 525, Finch "Karte de Gegend von Boston," in Silliman's Journal of Science, Vol. VIII, 1824, which does not exist, and is merely an error of the compiler.

Besides the catalogue of Cotta, the only list of geological maps of America is the "list of general geological maps relating to North America" in the "Geology of North America," by Jules Marcou, Chapter X, p. 122. 4to. Zurich, 1858. The author enumerates 23 general geological maps, in chronologic order, each comprising at least two States.

Two of the geological surveys of the United States, Dr. Hayden's and "Mapoteca Colombiana, Coleccion de los Titulos de Todos los Mapas, Planos, Vistas, etc., relativos a la America española, Brasil e Islas adyacentes." 8vo. Londres, 1860.

"Origin of the name America," by Jules Marcou. Atlantic Monthly, March, 1875.

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the one directed by Captam Wheeler, have given catalogues of publications, reports, and maps, in which are lists of a part of the geographical maps published by these surveys. The geological survey of Canada also has published a list of its maps.

For the last forty years especially, geological maps on America have accumulated in large numbers, thanks to the geological surveys instituted either by the general governments or by States and Provinces. The United States, Canada, Mexico, Chili, and a large number of States and Provinces have rivaled each other in this field of science. Merapi after memoir, map after map, has been produced to show the geological structure of countries which yesterday were unknown, but today are marshaled in the scientific movement which carries forward in its progress all the nations of the world.

Geology, properly so called, dates only from this century; in the preceding one a few maps, rather mineralogical, than geological, appeared. Such are the maps of L. Coulon in 1664; of Guettard in 1746; of Monnet on France in 1780; of Guettard on North America in 1752; of von Charpentier the elder on Saxony in 1778; of Becker on the Grand Duchy of Nassau in 1778; of von Buch on Silesia in 1797; of Hein on the Thüringen Waldes in 1799; of Christopher Packe on East Kent in 1743; of R. Frazer and J. Billingsley on Devonshire and Somerset in 1794; of Maton on the Western Counties (England) in 1797.

The first geological map is due to the abbé L. Coulon, Paris, 1664. It appeared in a little volume entitled, "Les Rivières de France," a very rare work, of which but very few copies exist in the libraries of Paris. In 1683 Martin Lister read a paper before the Royal Society of England entitled, "An ingenious proposal for a new sort of maps of countries; together with tables of sands and clays, such as are chiefly found in the north part of England"; in Phil. Trans., Vol. XIV, p. 739. London, 1684. But it was only a project, which Lister did not carry into execution. The first geological map published in England is dated 1743, almost a century after Coulon's little geological map of France; its title is, "A new Philosophico-chorographical chart of East Kent, invented and delineated by Christopher Packe, M. D." Scale rather more than an inch and a half to the mile, comprising a circle of about 32 miles around Canterbury.

To the celebrated Abraham Gottlob Werner is due, in great part, the coloring of geological maps; for before him several older German mineralogists had used an analogous process. Werner greatly improved not only the classification but also the plan of coloring, and proposed a method "of representing the several formations in distinct, but sober hues, and marking the superior rock by a narrow band of deeper color, along the lines of its contact with the subjacent one" (Dr. Fitton's Notes on the History of English Geology, London, 1833). This method ing was employed chiefly in Germany, in German Switzerland, a candinavia, and in England; never in France or in America.

As early as 1810 Cuvier and Brongniart, in their celebrated "Carte Géognostique des environs de Paris," used even tints without a "band of deeper color along the line of contact."

William Maclure, who, though a pupil of Werner, was also well acquainted with the French geological school, colored his first geological map of the United States in 1809 with even tints. Since 1832 the German school as well as the English has adopted even tints.

Curiously enough the first edition of his geological map of the United States appeared without the name of Maclure, and is sometimes credited to Samuel G. Lewis, the draftsman who compiled the geographical map on which Maclure put his geological classification and colors. This mistake and the use of a drawing by Lewis were due "to the absence (from America) of the author of “ Observations on the Geology of the United States, explanatory of a Geological Map," read before the American Philosophical Society at Philadelphia January 20, 1809.

From 1809 to 1842 all the geological maps published on America were executed in a manner which leaves much to be desired in respect to coloring, and still more in regard to the classification of the rocks. It is only after the appearance of the "Geological Map of the State of New York" in 1842 that maps really possess great interest either from the value of their classifications or from the mechanical execution.

The same year a geological map of great importance, both on account of the difficulties presented by the region explored, the most elevated of the Andes, and of its central position in South America, was published by Alcide d'Orbigny under the title "Carte Géologique de la République de Bolivia." From that time nearly all the great geological and paleontological horizons of the New World were accepted as established, though geologists hesitated for a few years about the acceptance of the existence of several systems of stratified rocks, and also about the identification of certain paleontological horizons.

Between 1842 and 1862 there appeared a great number of geological maps of regions limited either to single countries or parts of countries, or even to a single county, or a portion of one, as well as several attempts at general maps of North America, of South America, and even of both Americas together. However, all of them have an essentially temporary character, and are geological reconnaissances. Nothing truly studied in detail and with care had then appeared. This was owing to several causes. First the total absence of good topographical maps, and often even the absence of any kind of a map, geologists being obliged to make them themselves, in order to draw and color the systems of rocks. Then the vast surfaces to be studied, the great distances to betraversed before reaching the ground to be explored, the difficult and primitive modes of transportation before the construction of lines of railroads, the wilderness and the deserts of most central continental regions, and finally the unhealthy climate of the tropics and the banks of the great rivers. All these obstacles have conspired to render

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