In case no person shall be found at the usual place of abode of such family, or individual living out of a family, competent to answer the inquiries made in compliance with the requirements of the act, then it shall be lawful for the enumerator to obtain the required information, as nearly as may be practicable, from the family or families, or person or persons, living nearest to such place of abode. The term "individual living out of a family" is explained in the special instructions concerning schedule No. 1 (page 20).

It is the prime object of the enumeration to obtain the name and the requisite particulars as to personal description of every person in the United States, except Indians not taxed.

COURTESY ON THE PART OF ENUMERATORS.

It is the duty of an enumerator, in the exercise of his authority to visit houses and interrogate members of families resident therein, to exercise courtesy and consideration. A rude, peremptory, or overbearing demeanor would be an injustice to the families visited, and would render the members of those families less disposed to give information with fullness and exactness, and would seriously retard the census work.

On the other hand, it is not necessary that the enumerator should enter into prolix explanations or give time to anything beyond the strictly necessary work of interrogation. The enumerator should be prompt, rapid, and decisive in announcing his object and his authority and in making his inquiries, but in so doing he should not arouse any antagonism or give any offense.

THE OBLIGATION TO GIVE INFORMATION.

It is not within the choice of any inhabitant of the United States whether he will or will not communicate the information required by the census law. By the fifteenth section of the act approved March 1, 1889, it is provided:

"That each and every person more than twenty years of age belonging to any family residing in any enumeration district or subdivision, and in case of the absence of the heads and other members of any such family, then any representative of such family, shall be, and each of them hereby is, required, if thereto requested by the superintendent, supervisor, or enumerator, to render a true account to the best of his or her knowledge of every person belonging to such family in the various particulars required by law, and whoever shall willfully fail or refuse shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be fined in a sum not exceeding one hundred dollars."

Enumerators are cautioned, however, not to obtrude unnecessarily the compulsory feature of the enumeration. It will be found very generally that the

persons called upon to give information will do so without objection or delay. It is only where information required by law is refused that the penalties for noncompliance need be referred to. The enumerator will then quietly but firmly point out the consequences of persistency in refusal.

FALSE STATEMENTS.

It is further to be noted that the enumerator is not required to accept answers which he knows or has reason to believe are false. He has a right to a true statement on every matter respecting which he is bound to inquire. Should any person persist in making statements which are obviously erroneous, the enumerator should enter upon the schedule the facts as nearly as he can ascertain them by his own observation or by inquiry of credible persons.

This matter becomes of special importance with reference to the statements made concerning members of families who are mentally or physically defective. The law requires a return in the case of each insane, feeble-minded, idiotic, blind, or deaf person, or such as may be crippled, maimed, or deformed. It not infrequently happens that the persons interrogated are disposed to conceal, or even to deny, the existence of such infirmities on the part of members of their household, especially as regards children. In such cases, if the fact is personally known to the enumerator, or if ascertained by inquiry from neighbors, it should be entered on the schedules the same as if obtained from the head or some member of the family.

In the same way the enumerator is not bound by any statement concerning the values produced in agricultural or other occupations which he knows or has reason to believe to be false; also, regarding homes and farms which are reported as having no incumbrances resting upon them, no statement should be accepted which he believes to be false. His duty is to report the actual facts as nearly as he can ascertain them.

PENALTY FOR DISCLOSING INFORMATION.

By the thirteenth section of the act of March 1, 1889, it is provided that "any supervisor or enumerator who shall, without the authority of the Superintendent, communicate to any person not authorized to receive the same any information gained by him in the performance of his duties, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction shall be fined not exceeding five hundred dollars."

The intent of this provision is to make the answers to all the inquiries confidential, and to prevent disclosures of information which would operate to the personal detriment or disadvantage of the person supplying the same. It is not within the discretion of the supervisor or enumerator to make public or give out for his private use or that of any other person any part of the information obtained by him. All requests, whether from newspapers, local officials, or individuals, for the total population of his subdivision, or other matters pertaining to the enumeration, should be referred to the census office for reply. The returns will be tabulated in this office without delay, and the correct official figures supplied as soon as ascertained. Furthermore, it should be the duty of the enumerator to state, in all cases where objection is raised, that the names and residences will not be used in the printed reports, nor will any statements be made concerning the business or operations of individual establishments.

FALSE OR FICTITIOUS RETURNS.

The law (sec. 13) further provides:

"If he (supervisor or enumerator) shall willfully or knowingly swear or affirm falsely, he shall be deemed guilty of perjury, and on conviction thereof shall be imprisoned not exceeding three years and be fined not exceeding eight hundred dollars; or, if he shall willfully and knowingly make false certificates or fictitious returns, he shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction of either of the last-named offenses he shall be fined not exceeding five thousand dollars and be imprisoned not exceeding two years."

By this provision the enumerator is placed under severe penalties to do the work required of him honestly and conscientiously. The boundaries of the subdivision allotted to each enumerator are clearly defined in his commission, and it is his duty to make a thorough and systematic canvass of the territory assigned to him, visiting each house and establishment in order and obtaining complete and truthful returns concerning each individual living or doing business therein, as required by the law and his oath of office.

THE SCHEDULES OF INQUIRIES.

The schedules to be used by the census enumerators are as follows:
Schedule No. 1, relating to population.

Schedule No. 2, relating to agriculture.

Schedule No. 3, relating to general manufactures, and special schedules relating to particular industries.

Schedule No. 5, relating to persons who have died during the census year. Supplemental schedules Nos. 1 to 8, relating to persons mentally or physically defective, crippled, maimed, or deformed, or temporarily disabled by sickness or disease; also to homeless children, prisoners, and paupers.

Special schedule relating to surviving soldiers, sailors, and marines in the war of the rebellion, and widows of soldiers, sailors, and marines of that war.

In the exercise of the authority conferred on the Superintendent of Census by section 18 of the act of March 1, 1889, schedule No. 4, relating to social statistics, has been withdrawn from the enumerators.

By the same section it is also provided that, in the discretion of the superintendent, the mortality schedules and the general and special schedules for manufactures may be withheld from the enumerators, as explained in the special instructions relating to these schedules.

The schedules, in number deemed sufficient for the enumeration, will be sent by the supervisors of census to the enumerators by registered mail. A portfolio is provided for carrying the schedules needed for each day's work. The extra supply of schedules should be left at home in some safe place, and at the completion of each day's work a new supply sufficient to answer the wants of the next day should be placed in the portfolio, and the completed work carefully retained at home in the same order in which the enumeration is made from day to day.

It is expected that the enumerators will prosecute their work at all times with diligence and dispatch. The limitations as to the time in which the enumeration shall

be completed make it the imperative duty of enumerators to so arrange their work as to finish within the time allowed by law. An ordinary day's work should cover at least ten hours, and it will often be the case that the enumerators will find it profitable to do considerable work during the early part of the evening. When the work can be prosecuted to advantage there is no objection to such an arrangement on the part of the enumerators.

THE PLAN OF ENUMERATION IN INSTITUTIONS.

The statistics of population and other special data concerning persons residing in institutions will be taken by institution enumerators; that is, some official or other trustworthy person connected with the institution, who will be appointed specially for the purpose.

This plan of enumeration will not be extended to all institutions, but the appointment of special institution enumerators will be determined partly by the size of the institution and partly by its nature.

For those institutions where this plan of enumeration is to be carried out the enumerators for the districts in which such institutions are located will have no responsibility.

Each enumerator will receive in advance of the enumeration due notification from the supervisor for his district as to the institutions which are not to be taken by him. It should be the duty of the enumerator, however, if there is any institution in his district, whatever may be its size or character, to satisfy himself by personal inquiry of the officer in charge whether a special institution enumerator has been appointed, and if not, to proceed to enumerate the population as in the case of all other houses visited by him. On the other hand, if a special institution enumerator has been appointed for it, then it has been withdrawn from his district, and he will leave it to be enumerated by the special institution enumerator.

SOLDIERS AND SAILORS.

All soldiers of the United States Army, civilian employees, and other residents at posts or on military reservations, will be enumerated in the same manner as has been provided for institutions, by the appointment of a special resident enumerator; and in all such cases where the district enumerator has been so notified such posts or military reservations should not be included as a part of his district. For posts not garrisoned, and any other posts not so withdrawn, the district enumerator will make the necessary inquiries, and if no special enumerator has been appointed he will include the residents of such posts as a part of his district equally with other elements of the population.

In a similar way all sailors and marines stationed on vessels, and at the United States navy-yards, as well as resident officers, with their families, will be specially enumerated, and need not be taken by the district enumerator if, upon inquiry or by notification, he knows that such special provision has been made.

SPECIAL ENUMERATION OF INDIANS.

The law provides that the Superintendent of Census may employ special agents or other means to make an enumeration of all Indians living within the jurisdiction of the United States, with such information as to their condition as may be obtainable, classifying them as to Indians taxed and Indians not taxed.

By the phrase "Indians not taxed" is meant Indians living on reservations under the care of Government agents or roaming individually or in bands over unsettled tracts of country.

Indians not in tribal relations, whether full-bloods or half-breeds, who are found mingled with the white population, residing in white families, engaged as servants or laborers, or living in huts or wigwams on the outskirts of towns or settlements, are to be regarded as a part of the ordinary population of the country, and are to be embraced in the enumeration.

The enumeration of Indians living on reservations will be made by special agents appointed directly from this office, and supervisors and enumerators will have no responsibility in this connection.

Many Indians, however, have voluntarily abandoned their tribal relations or have quit their reservations and now sustain themselves. When enumerators find Indians off of or living away from reservations, and in no wise dependent upon the agency or Government, such Indians, in addition to their enumeration on the population and

supplemental schedules, in the same manner as for the population generally, should be noted on a special schedule [7-917] by name, tribe, sex, age, occupation, and whether taxed or not taxed.

The object of this is to obtain an accurate census of all Indians living within the jurisdiction of the United States and to prevent double enumeration of certain Indians.

Where Indians are temporarily absent from their reservations the census enumerators need not note them, as the special enumerator for the Indian reservation will get their names.

ENUMERATORS' DAILY REPORT CARDS.

Two postal cards for each working day of the period allowed for enumeration will be furnished to each enumerator, one [7-761] addressed to the supervisor of his district, and the other [7-762] addressed to the Superintendent of Census at Washington. The cards addressed to supervisors are printed on gray paper, and those addressed to the Superintendent of Census on buff paper.

On the back of these cards is a printed form for a statement by the enumerator of the number of persons, farms, etc., enumerated by him during the day to which the report relates, and also a statement of the time actually and necessarily occupied in this service.

The enumerator will, at the close of each day, fill up and sign this report. If he is in the immediate neighborhood of a post-office on the following day he will deposit these cards in the mail; if not, he will hold them until such time as he has an opportunity, without undue trouble, to deposit them; but he will not on any account fail to make out and sign the reports of daily work at the time required.

As these reports will be used in determining the compensation of enumerators, it will be desirable for them to exercise great pains in this particular.

In those districts where the enumeration must be made in the first two weeks of June the working days actually allowed by law number twelve, and end with June 14. In a few districts it may happen that the time required to complete the enumeration will exceed this limit, and to cover such emergencies daily report cards are supplied for June 16, 17, and 18. The enumeration must be completed, however, within two weeks in all districts, wherever possible, and the necessity for using these additional cards must be avoided, except for unusual causes only.

Accompanying the daily report cards are two forms of certificate of completion of enumeration, which read as follows:

I certify that on the .... day of

1890, I completed the enumeration of the district assigned me, and that the returns have been duly and truthfully made in accordance with law and my oath of office.

Enumerator for District No.

As soon as the work in each district is finished the enumerator should date, sign, and mail both of these cards, one of which [7-763] is to be sent to the supervisor and the other [7-764] to the Superintendent of Census.

Blanks are also provided for the use of enumerators in making consolidated statements of the time actually and necessarily occupied each day in the prosecution of their work. Upon this form [7-794] should be entered the number of hours and minutes worked each day as recorded on the daily report cards at the close of each day's service, including the time occupied by enumerators in securing from physicians the corrections of the statements of the causes of deaths on schedule No. 5, in hunting up delinquents and absentees, and in securing information omitted upon their first rounds.

RETURN OF SCHEDULES TO SUPERVISORS.

When the work in an enumeration district is finished all the schedules not used, together with the portfolio, should be neatly packed and returned in the same package with the completed schedules. The schedules and portfolio should be placed between the two pieces of millboard provided for their protection and securely tied, and then wrapped in heavy manila paper in the same manner as when received by the enumerator. The wrapping paper on the package, as originally sent, if preserved and turned (when necessary) will form a suitable cover for the return of the completed work.

The label [7-696] bearing the printed address of the supervisor is to be used by enumerators for the return of the schedules, and should be pasted on the outside of the package and over the old label bearing the name and address of the enumerator

(if the wrapping paper is not turned). This label has the word "registered" stamped thereon, and by attaching the same to the package of schedules it can be sent to the supervisor to whom addressed by registered mail. In signing registry receipts the enumerators are cautioned in all cases to add their official title to their

names.

COMPENSATION.

By the eleventh section of the act of March 1, 1889, the Superintendent of Census, with the approval of the Secretary of the Interior, is authorized to fix the rates of compensation to be allowed the enumerators in advance of the enumeration. Uniform rates will be allowed for the enumeration of deaths occuring during the census year and for names on the supplemental schedules and veterans' special schedule as follows:

For each death reported (schedule No. 5).

Cents.

For each person mentally or physically defective, and for each prisoner, pauper, or homeless child enumerated (supplemental schedules Nos. 1 to 8). For each surviving person or widow of person, who had served in the Army, Navy, or Marine Corps of the United States in the war of the rebellion, enumerated (Veterans' special schedule).........

2

5

5

For the return of living persons (schedule No. 1), of farms (schedule No. 2), and of establishments of productive industry (schedule No. 3 and special schedules) the rates allowed will be determined according to the varying ease or difficulty of enumeration.

The minimum allowance for each living inhabitant will be 2 cents, for each farm reported 15 cents, and for each manufacturing establishment 20 cents. The minimum rate for living inhabitants will be paid generally in cities and in incorporated towns and villages having a population sufficient to form a separate enumeration district. In certain rural districts higher per capita rates will be allowed, according to the relative sparseness of population, difficulties of travel, and other considerations affecting the matter. In regions where, through sparseness of settlement or other difficulties, it would be impossible for an enumerator to earn fair pay at the maximum per capita rates a per diem allowance has been authorized. The rates of pay of the enumerators of the tenth census, and the amounts earned daily by them, have been carefully studied for the various sections of the country, and the inequalities which existed at that census have been eliminated as far as possible.

Each enumerator, before the commencement of the enumeration, will receive from his supervisor a circular announcing the rates of compensation to be paid for his work. At the completion of the enumeration, and after the schedules returned by him have been examined by the supervisor, as required by section 5 of the act of March 1, 1889, a certification of the amount due to each enumerator, in accordance with his returns and the rates authorized for his district, will be made by the supervisor to the Superintendent of Census, and the schedules for such district returned at the same time to the census office.

As soon as the schedules are received at the census office the statements of the supervisor as to the persons, farms, etc., enumerated will be verified, and vouchers in duplicate sent direct from this office to each enumerator, to be by him receipted in duplicate and returned to the census office. Upon the receipt of these vouchers, properly signed, the compensation due to each enumerator will be transmitted by mail in the form of a draft, payable to the order of the enumerator named therein.

SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS RELATIVE TO THE ENTRIES TO BE MADE ON THE GENERAL AND SPECIAL SCHEDULES.

In making the entries, whether of names or figures, upon the schedules enumerators must be careful to write clearly and neatly, without interlineations, erasures, or blots, as the original schedules must be returned to the census office at Washington for examination and compilation, and are to be finally bound in book form as a permanent record.

Use black ink in filling the schedules, and be careful to follow instructions as to the marks and symbols to be used in certain cases. Great care should be exercised in making the entries upon the proper line and in the proper column. A little heedlessness in this respect may produce the most serious confusion. The schedules have been arranged to help the enumerator to find the proper line and column through the use of dotted, plain, and heavy lines, so that the eye can be guided to find easily the correct place of entry.