occupation. Call no man a "factory hand" or a "mill operative." State the kind of a mill or factory. The better form of expression would be, “works in cotton mill." "works in paper mill," etc. Do not call a man a "shoemaker," "bootmaker," unless he makes the entire boot or shoe in a small shop. If he works in (or for) a boot and shoe factory, say so.

Do not apply the word "jeweler" to those who make watches, watch chains, or jewelry in large manufacturing establishments.

Call no man a "commissioner," a "collector," an "agent," an "artist," an "overseer," a "professor," a "treasurer," a "contractor," or a "speculator," without further explanation.

When boys are entered as apprentices, state the trade they are apprenticed to, as "apprenticed to carpenter," "apothecary's apprentice."

When a lawyer, a merchant, a manufacturer, has retired from practice or business, say "retired lawyer," "retired merchant," etc. Distinguish between fire and life insurance agents.

When clerks are returned, describe them as "clerk in store," "clerk in woolen mill," "R. R. clerk," "bank clerk," etc.

Describe no man as a "mechanic" if it is possible to describe him more accurately. Distinguish between stone masons and brick masons.

Do not call a bonnet maker a bonnet manufacturer, a lace maker a lace manufacturer, a chocolate maker a chocolate manufacturer. Reserve the term manufacturer for proprietors of establishments; always give the branch of manufacture.

Whenever merchants or traders can be reported under a single word expressive of their special line, as "grocer," it should be done. Otherwise, say dry goods merchant, coal dealer, etc.

Add, in all cases, the class of business, as wholesale (wh.), retail (ret.), importer (imp.), jobber, etc.

Use the word huckster in all cases where it applies.

Be very particular to distinguish between farmers and farm laborers. In agricultural regions this should be one of the points to which the assistant marshal should especially direct his attention.

Confine the use of the words "glover," "hatter," and "furrier" to those who actually make, or make up, in their own establishments, all, or a part, of the gloves and hats or furs which they sell. Those who only sell these articles should be characterized as "glove dealer," "hat and cap dealer," "fur dealer."

Judges (state whether Federal or State, whether probate, police, or otherwise) may be assumed to be lawyers, and that addition, therefore, need not be given; but all other officials should have their profession designated, if they have any, as "retired merchant, governor of Massachusetts," " paper manufacturer, representative in legislature." If anything is to be omitted, leave out the office, and put in the occupation. As far as possible distinguish machinists, as "locomotive builders," "engine builders," etc.

Instead of saying, "packers," indicate whether you mean “pork packers" or "crockery packers," or "mule packers."

The organization of domestic service has not proceeded so far in this country as to render it worth while to make distinction in the character of work. Report all as "domestic servants."

Cooks, waiters, etc., in hotels and restaurants will be reported separately from domestic servants.

The term "housekeeper" will be reserved for such persons as receive distinct wages or salary for the service. Women keeping house for their own families or for themselves, without any other gainful occupation, will be entered as "keeping house." Grown daughters assisting them will be reported without occupation.

You are under no obligation to give any man's occupation just as he expresses it. If he can not tell intelligibly what it is, find out what he does, and characterize his profession accordingly.

The inquiry as to occupation will not be asked in respect to infants or children too young to take any part in production. Neither will the doing of domestic errands or family chores out of school be considered an occupation. "At home" or "attending school" will be the best entry in the majority of cases. But if a boy or girl, whatever the age, is earning money regularly by labor, contributing to the family support, or appreciably assisting in mechanical or agricultural industry, the occupation should be stated.

SCHEDULE 2.-MORTALITY.

Assisant marshals will not omit to take out the schedule of Mortality in the case of every family, and ask whether any deaths have occurred in the family within the twelve months ending June 1, 1870. Care should be taken to have it understood

that the period covered by the inquiry is from the 1st of June, 1869, to the 31st of May, 1870, inclusive; otherwise, many will understand by the phrase, "within the year," since January 1, 1870; or by the phrase, "last year," the year ending December 31, 1869. The deaths reported in previous enumerations have fallen far short of the total number known to have occurred. This is owing to the fact that assistant marshals have been indifferent on the subject, considering the compensation allowed for the servic as not proportioned to the time consumed and the trouble caused. Assistant marshals will, however, understand that, in the present census, the proportion between deaths and living inhabitants will be carefully scrutinized, and whenever the ratio is such as to make it probable that considerable omissions from the table of mortality have occurred, payment will be withheld until inquiry-local, if necessary-has been made and the Department is satisfied that the work has been faithfully performed in this particular. This rule will be rigidly enforced in all cases.

All the explanations given in regard to schedule No. 1 apply to schedule No. 2, so far as the inquiries are common.

Families. In column 1 will be entered the number which was given in column 2, schedule 1, to the family in which the death occurred. Hence the numbers of the families on schedule 2 will not be consecutive, as they are on schedule 1.

Names.-In column 2 will be entered the name of every person whose death occurred during the year ending June 1, 1870. The family wherein the death occurred, if from disease, will be considered the "Place of abode. Where, however, death was sudden or violent, and occurred outside of any habitation, the usual place of abode of the deceased will be given. If it should come to the knowledge of the assistant marshal that any violent or sudden deaths occurred within their subdivisions, under circumstances which rendered it reasonably certain that the deaths could not or would not be reported elsewhere, as, for example, of a vagrant, the death should be reported, with a statement of the fact, and with as much information in regard to age, sex, color, etc., as can be obtained. In such case, the deceased person will not be reported as of any family. Deaths which have occurred between the 1st of June and the day of the enumerator's visit will not be reported; but the person will be reported as living on the 1st of June.

Married and widowed.-Column 6 will only be filled where deceased was, at the time of death, either married or widowed. The letter "M" will be written for married: the letter "W" for widowed. The term widowed includes both widows and widowers.

Parentage. The columns (8 and 9) headed "Father of foreign birth," "Mother of foreign birth," need only be filled when the answer is affirmative, in which case an affirmative mark, thus, /, will be drawn in the space.

Diseases.-The twelfth question, "Disease or cause of death," is the important question of this schedule. Especial pains will be taken to make the answers in this column ample and exact. State the character of the disease, or of the accident, as specifically as possible. The majority of cases will fall under a few simple and familiar heads, as Consumption, Typhoid fever, Cholera infantum. Whenever the

disease is not familiar, more than common pains should be taken to ascertain the correct form of statement. It is only necessary that each assistant marshal should be at a few minutes' additional trouble in regard to each of a half dozen such cases, to remove nine-tenths of all the absurd and unnecessary terms which have heretofore embarrassed the work of compilation.

The following more specific directions and warnings should be carefully studied and observed:

Experience has shown an almost fatal facility on the part of persons making return of diseases to confound apoplectics, epileptics, and paralytics. Assistant marshals will assure themselves that they understand the difference between these diseases and that as far as possible the persons reporting them do.

It is desirable that distinction should be made between acute and chronic bronchitis, acute and chronic diarrhea, acute and chronic dysentery, acute and chronic rheumatism, as causes of death.

Cerebro-spinal meningitis should not be confounded with either brain or spinal

disease.

Great caution should be exercised about reporting old age a cause of death. Wherever any defined disease was developed, let that be reported, and not old age. Instead of reporting "hemorrhage" simply as the cause, the death should be assigned to consumption, to hemorrhage from the stomach, hemorrhage from the bowels, or hemorrhage resulting from gunshot wounds, etc., as the case may have been.

Death should not be attributed to "intemperance" where a distinct disease was developed, as delirium tremens, cirrhosis of the liver, or apoplexy.

If "ulceration of intestines" is due to typhoid fever, the latter should be given as

the cause.

In reporting "suicide," distinguish the means, whether cutting of throat, drowning, shooting, poisoning, charcoal suffocation, or other.

"Sudden death" should only, in the rarest cases, be reported in this column. It is in this class of cases, generally speaking, that the real cause of death can be most easily and certainly determined.

"Died of cold water" is nearly as objectionable as "died of hemorrhage" or "died of intemperance."

"Inflammation" as cause of death is unsatisfactory. It should be "inflammation of brain, of stomach, of bowels, of peritoneum, of pleura," etc. So of "dropsy," whether of the heart, of the chest, of the abdominal cavity (ascites), etc.

The words 'cancers," "ulcers," "carbuncles," and "tumors," should not be indiscriminately used in assigning cause of death.

Typhus, typhoid, and typhomalarial fevers should be carefully distinguished.

As few deaths as possible should be reported under such general terms as "disease of the throat," "disease of the brain," "disease of the liver," "disease of the lungs,' "disease of the bowels," "disease of the spine," etc. These should, as far as possible, be reported under special heads. Disease of the liver should be reported as hepatitis, jaundice, etc.; disease of the heart as aneurism, valvular disease, hypertrophy, dropsy of pericardium, etc.

Remarks.-A space is left at the bottom of each page of this schedule for remarks. It is desired that the assistant marshals should there describe any particular malady or unusual or peculiar disease which has prevailed in the subdivision, and the supposed cause thereof. In case of any unusual number of deaths by violence or accident (as by the caving of a mine or similar calamity) an explanation should be given in the space for "Remarks."

Assistant marshals are authorized to add to the mortality lists of their subdivisions the names of all persons who are shown by the official records to have died within the subdivision during the year, but whose names have escaped them during the course of enumeration. This permission, however, only extends to supplementing the usual method of inquiry (by personal visit to each house) by means of official records. It will not allow of official records being substituted for personal inquiry. In all such cases, the facts of age, occupation, nativity, etc., must be obtained as required by the schedule.

Assistant marshals will, very likely, in the course of enumeration, find some physician who will be willing, out of public spirit and professional interest, to glance over the entire list of diseases and correct a defective classification. If the death has, within his knowledge, been assigned to a wrong cause, he will indicate the true one. Assistant marshals are authorized to submit this schedule to inspection for this purpose.

SCHEDULE 3.-AGRICULTURE.

"Farms," for the purposes of the agricultural schedule, include all considerable nurseries, orchards, and market gardens, which are owned by separate parties, which are cultivated for pecuniary profit, and employ as much as the labor of one ablebodied workman during the year. Mere cabbage and potato patches, family vegetable gardens, and ornamental lawns, not constituting a portion of a farm for general agricultural purposes, will be excluded. No farm will be reported of less than 3 acres, unless $500 worth of produce has been actually sold off from it during the year. The latter proviso will allow the inclusion of many market gardens in the neighborhood of large cities, where, although the area is small, a high state of cultivation is maintained, and considerable value produced.

A farm is what is owned or leased by one man and cultivated under his care. A distant wood lot, or sheep pasture, even if in another subdivision, is to be treated as a part of the farm; but wherever there is a resident overseer, or a manager, there a farm is to be reported.

The amounts of the various crops will be estimated according to the best judgment of the proprietor or manager, where no exact account is kept.

By Improved land" is meant cleared land used for grazing, grass, or tillage, or lying fallow.

Irreclaimable marshes and considerable bodies of water will be excluded in giving the area of a farm improved and unimproved.

In reporting live stock, columns 12, 13, and 14, sucking pigs, spring lambs, and calves will be omitted. Column 15 requires the total value of live stock of every description, whether enumerated in the preceding columns or not.

In the "Produce of the year" will be included the totɛl of all crops, etc., whether consumed at home or sold off the farm.

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By clover and grass seed is intended only that which has been cleared for use or prepared for market.

In reporting "Molasses, other than from cane," the letter "M" for maple, "S” for sorghum, will be inserted in the space above the figures denoting quantity.

Where hemp is prepared by water-rotting, the letters "W R" will be inserted in the space above the figures. Where no letters are inserted, dew-rotting will be understood. If any other process than these two is used in preparing the hemp reported, the fact will be indicated by a footnote.

Under "Homemade manufactures" is to be included the value of all articles manufactured on the farm, whether for home use or for sale, when the same has not been reported upon the "Products of industry" (schedule No. 4). The value of materials purchased for such manufactures will be deducted.

The total value of "Annual production," column 52, is intended to exhibit the total results of all the labor of the farm during the year, whether in the production of crops, in addition to stock, in fencing, or in improvements of any description, so far as the same are due to farm labor. Building, fencing, etc., by professional mechanics, will not be included. Neither will a speculative rise of land, nor an enhancement of values by the opening of railroads, etc., be reckoned in the "Annual production of the farm."

Great care will be taken, in reporting "Production," in every case to give the amount according to the unit of quantity prescribed by the printed form, as tons, pounds, bushels, etc.

SCHEDULE 4.-PRODUCTS OF INDUSTRY.

The term "productive industry" must be understood, in its largest significance, to include all manufacturing, mechanical, and mining operations, and also all coast, lake, and river fisheries. The smallest shop must not be omitted, provided the production reaches $500 annually, including the cost of materials. It is believed that but few shops, which employ the entire labor of one able-bodied artisan, fall short of this limit at the present prices of labor. Assistant marshals will take pains to reach all the productive establishments, large and small, within their subdivisions. It is not necessary that there should be a distinct shop to constitute an establishment of productive industry in the meaning of the law. A room finished off in the barn, or a chest of tools kept in the corner of the house, may constitute a distinct establishment, provided the artisan does not habitually work in any other shop which could be separately enumerated. Assistant marshals will do well, therefore, when anyone reports his occupation (for the purposes of schedule No. 1) as a carpenter, blacksmith, plumber, painter, mason, or other skilled artisan, to ascertain by inquiry whether his labor is included in the production of any mechanical establishment; and, if not, the place where he keeps his tools or does his work may be reported as an establishment of productive industry for the purposes of the census." This rule only applies to the trades, and not to unskilled labor.

When large manufacturing corporations are part in one subdivision and part in another, they should be reported in that subdivision where the office is.

The products, etc., of manufacturing establishments will not be reported at their sales rooms, where there is an office in connection with the factory, where the account of materials, labor, and product is kept.

Where two establishments having each a distinct production, are owned by one and the same person, they will be separately reported, the name of the owner being repeated.

Where the same establishment carries on two successive processes of manufacturing, as, for example, when a forge and rolling mill, or a furnace and foundry, are united, the materials and productions of each will be separately given. It may be necessary, in such cases, to estimate in regard to the share of each portion of the establishment rather more freely than would be desirable in establishments of less complex production. It is desirable to have the facts of each distinct line of manufacture by themselves, so that the returns of every industrial interest may be tabulated without intermixture of others.

It is not believed to be necessary to explain at length the use of the word "materials" in respect to manufactures. It will be enough to say that what is the product of one establishment may become the material of another; as, iron ore is the product of the mine, but the material of the furnace, which produces iron in pigs, to become, again, the material of the foundry.

Each page of schedule 4 is divided into ten spaces, each intended to report one establishment. One line is drawn across the entire page, on which to report the name of the establishment, kind of product, labor employed, wages, etc., as well as

the kind, quantity, and value of the material consumed, and of the article produced, where the material and production are of only one kind each. Additional lines are drawn under the latter heads, for use in those cases where materials and products are of more than one kind. In case of very large establishments, with great variety of products, the space intended for two establishments may be taken.

In column 1 the name of the individal, or the style of the firm or corporation, should be written with sufficient fullness and distinctness to enable the census office to conduct such subsequent correspondence as may be necessary.

In column 2 the kind of business and character of product should be described as specifically as possible; as, for example, fishing hooks, hoisting apparatus, skirt supporters, speaking tubes, etc. General terms will be avoided, when specific and technical terms will cover the operations.

The cost of superintendence, rent, freight, and other general expenses of a manufacturing establishment are not to be included in "materials." "Mill supplies" and "fuel" should be included.

The statement of "kinds" and "quantities" of "materials" and of "products" is not required in the case of those mechanical establishments whose materials and productions are of a minor and miscellaneous character, such as carpenters' and blacksmiths' shops, small gun shops, etc.

When the production is all of one kind, it should be reported by kinds and quantities, no matter how small the amount.

Every factory, every mill of considerable size, must be enumerated in this way. To make the returns of "kinds" and "quantities" of any value, it is essential that they should conform to a distinct classification, so that the product of all establishments in the same line of business throughout the country can be added together. In the case of every establishment, the total value of all materials consumed, and of all products, alike those specified and those not specified, will be given in the proper columns for values.

The following tables exhibit the specifications of materials and products which it is desirable to have made in the case of certain of the larger industries of the country; also, the necessary forms for reporting the facts relative to power and machinery. So far as possible, enumerators will conform to this classification.

RESOURCE AND MACHINERY.

RESOURCE.-State whether power is obtained from steam, water, wind, horse, or hand. In salt works, state whether salt is obtained by solar evaporation or by boiling.

MACHINERY.-If steam power is used, state number of engines and aggregate horsepower. If water power, number of wheels and horsepower, or, if more convenient, state the diameter and width of the wheel, and the "head" and amount of water. In cotton mills.-Number of looms; number of frame spindles; number of mule spindles.

Print works.-Number of print machines.

Woolen mills.-Number sets of cards; aggregate daily capacity in carded wool; number broad looms; number narrow looms; number spindles.

Worsted mills.-Number of combing machines of domestic make, and number of foreign make; number of knitting machines; number of spindles; number of looms; number of braiders.

Carpet mills.-Number of handlooms; number power looms.

Cordage factories.-Number of spinning jennies.

Paper mills.-Number of paper engines; number of paper machines, and estimated maximum capacity in tons per day.

Hat and cap establishments.—Number of sewing machines.

Boot and shoe factories-Number of pegging machines; number sewing machines. Iron foundries.-Number of blast furnaces, with description and capacity.

In grit and flouring mills.-Number runs of stone, and estimated maximum capacity per day.

In salt works.-Number of vats, and aggregate area in square feet, if salt is obtained by solar evaporation. If by boiling, number of blocks, number of kettles, and aggregate capacity in gallons.

Sawmills.-Number of saws. If "gangs," state total number of saws.

Cotton mills.-Pounds of cotton.

MATERIALS.

Print works.-Cost of chemicals and dyestuffs; value of the cloth before printing, Woolen mills.-Chemicals and dyestuffs; pounds of foreign wool (including goats' hair, camels' hair, etc., mohair, alpaca); pounds domestic wool; pounds shoddy; pounds cotton; worsted yarn bought for use.