One or two illustrations will suffice to explain the purpose of these summaries. For instance, under "sugar," there was but one inquiry at the census of 1840, which called for the number of pounds of sugar made, but at the censuses of 1850, 1860, and 1870 a return was required as to the number of gallons of molasses produced, the number of hogsheads of cane sugar produced, and the number of pounds of maple sugar produced, or 3 specifications in all. At the census of 1880 there were 8 specifications under this head, 3 relating to cane sugar, 3 to sorghum sugar, and 2 to maple sugar, but at the census of 1890 the number of specifications under this head was increased to 17, 5 relating to cane sugar, 5 to sorghum sugar, 4 to maple sugar, and 3 to beet sugar, as shown in detail in the preceding summary. Similarly, under "horses, mules, and asses," it is seen that at the census of 1840 there was an inquiry as to the number of horses and mules on hand; that at the next four censuses 2 inquiries were made, 1 as to the number of horses and 1 as to the number of mules and asses on hand; and that at the census of 1890 inquiry was made as to the number, respectively, of horses, mules, and asses on hand, and, in addition, the number of each class foaled, the number of each class sold, and for the three classes combined the number that died during the year. The foregoing summaries relate to the details or specifications called for in the general schedule of agriculture, but do not apply to the special subjects of investigation which were intrusted to experts and special agents in 1880 and 1890, and for which special schedules were prepared and used. The special subjects of investigation at these two censuses, and the number of schedules or circulars of inquiry used in each case, may be briefly summarized: Census of 1880.-Production of cereals, 1 schedule; cotton culture, 3 schedules; forest products, etc., 15 schedules; fruit growing, etc., 4 schedules; hops, 1 schedule; meat production, 8 schedules; sheep husbandry and wool growing, 1 schedule; tobacco culture, 2 schedules. Census of 1890.-Agricultural organizations, 1 schedule; florists, 1 schedule; irrigation, 4 schedules; live stock not on farms, 1 schedule; live stock on ranges, 1 schedule; nurseries, 1 schedule; seed farms, 1 schedule; tobacco, 1 schedule; tropic and semitropic fruits and nuts, 1 schedule; truck farms, 1 schedule; viticulture, 7 schedules. The following summary shows the total number of inquiries or details called for by each of these special schedules and, in each case, the number of inquiries not common to the general or other special schedules: NUMBER OF INQUIRIES OR DETAILS ON SPECIAL SCHEDULES OF AGRICULTURE: 1880 AND 1890. 1880. Cost of labor and material expended in the cultivation of an acre of cotton.. Fuel used for household purposes. Gunpowder, kinds of wood used in making. Oak bark and sumac ground for tanning and dyeing purposes, kinds of. Veneering manufactured from native woods. Wheels and wheel stock, kinds of woods used in making. Woodlands.. Wood pulp, excelsior, shoe pegs, baskets, etc., matches, oars, and handles for agricultural implements, kinds of wood used in making. Fruit growing, etc.: Fruit growing and orchards. Fruit trade of cities... Tropical fruits. Tropical fruit trees Hops, culture and kiln-drying of Meat production: Cattle feeding Cattle raising County clerk's return of herds.. 189 205 189 Schedule A.-Location of irrigated areas; the water supply, its cost and use; artesian wells, etc Schedule B.-Irrigation canals and ditches Schedule C.-Supplemental inquiry: General Schedule D.-Supplemental inquiry: Artesian wells Live stock not on farms Live stock on ranges.. Schedule G.-Soils, irrigation, drainage, meteorology, fertilizers, etc Nurseries Seed farms. Tobacco... Tropic and semitropic fruits and nuts Truck farms Viticulture: Schedule A.-Area planted and production of vineyards.. Schedule B.-Values of vineyard property and products, profits on invest ments, etc. Schedule C.-Distribution and cost of labor in vineyard operations... Schedule D.-Distribution of varieties, susceptibility to disease, bearing The use of this summary is briefly explained. At the census of 1880 the special schedule relating to the production of cereals contained in all 189 inquiries or details, of which none was common to the general or other special schedules of agriculture used at that census. There were, at the same census, 12 inquiries or details specified in the special schedule relating to forest products which called for a return concerning the kinds of wood used in making gunpowder, but of these 12 inquiries or details only 4 were not common to other special schedules. In this way, inquiries on each special schedule which were found to be common to the general or other special schedules have been eliminated, and on this basis there were 1,572 different inquiries or details on the special schedules of agriculture in 1880 and 837 in 1890, as shown by the preceding summary. No inquiry or detail was considered to be common to the general or other special schedule unless it was practically the same in form or called for essentially the same answer. MANUFACTURES. The first attempt to secure industrial statistics was made at the census of 1810, and the only information available concerning the nature of the inquiries made at that census is contained in the printed report, as no copy of the schedule used in collecting the data has been preserved, as far as can be ascertained. The inquiries at that census, as shown by the printed digest made by Tench Coxe in 1813, were confined apparently to the kind, quantity, and value of goods manufactured, or 3 details in all. At the census of 1820, 14 details were called for, a separate schedule or list being provided for each establishment. In 1830 no industrial schedule was provided by the law, but at the census of 1840, 5 items were asked concerning manufactures in connection with a printed list of manufactured articles contained in the "Schedule of Mines, Agriculture, Commerce, Manufactures, etc.," the results concerning each branch of industry evidently being summarized by the assistant marshal for the district canvassed by him. At the censuses of 1850, 1860, and 1870 a schedule relating to products of industry was used, comprehending all products of industry except agriculture (provided for on a separate schedule), and including, in addition to manufactures, the products of mines and the fisheries. In 1880 and 1890 a general schedule of manufactures was used, and, in addition, very many special schedules calling for much greater detail as to materials used and goods manufactured, and also the kind, quantity, size, and capacity of machinery used in each of the more important industries of the country. Limiting the analysis of the inquiries concerning manufactures in 1880 and 1890 to those made on the general schedule, a detailed summary of the inquiries relating to manufactures at the censuses of 1810 and 1820, and for each census from 1840 to 1890, inclusive, is presented as follows: NUMBER OF INQUIRIES OR DETAILS RELATING TO MANUFACTURES: 1810 TO 1890. Items of inquiry. Name of corporation, company, (a) or individual Kind of goods manufactured Capital invested: Total amount of capital invested Value of plant-land; buildings; machinery, tools, and implements; total.. Live capital raw materials on hand; stock in Amount of contingent expenses.... Persons employed: Number of-men; women; boys and girls.. Average number of-males above 16 years; fe- Wages: Operatives, engineers, and other skilled Total amount paid in wages during year.. Average day's wages-for a skilled mechanic; for an ordinary laborer.. Amount paid in wages during year to Operatives, engineers, and other skilled workmen, overseers, and foremen or superintendents (not general superintendents or managers)-males above 16 years; females above 15 years; children.. Officers or firm members-males; females.. Clerks or salesmen-males above 16 years; females above 15 years; children... Watchmen, laborers, teamsters, and other unskilled workmen-males above 16 years; females above 15 years; children Piecework (not included in the foregoing statement)-males above 16 years; females above 15 years; children' Weekly rates of wages paid and average number of hands employed at each rate (under $5; $5 and over, but under $6; $6 and over, but under $7; $7 and over, but under $8: $8 and over, but under $9; $9 and over, but under $10; $10 and over, but under $12; $12 and over, but under $15; $15 and over, but under $20; $20 and over, but under $25; $25 and over) males above 16 years; females above 15 years; children..... a" Firm" instead of "company" in 1890. Usually number of men employed, but in a few instances, number of persons employed; in one case, that of "silk," the number of "males" and of " females and children' was asked. NUMBER OF INQUIRIES OR DETAILS RELATING TO MANUFACTURES: 1810 TO 1890.—C't’d. Kind of power (steam, water, wind, horse, or hand); if steam or water, number of horsepower If water power is used-on what river or stream; height of fall, in feet; wheels-number; kind; breadth, in feet; revolutions per minute; horsepower If steam power is used-number of boilers; number of engines; horsepower If water power is used-number of water If other power is used-kind (electric, gas, or Machinery: Quantity and kind; quantity and operation....... Quantity (number of) and kind (name or description) Capital invested by colored persons-number of persons; amount invested Total. a Kind, quantity, and value asked on special schedules. b Number of spindles in cotton manufactories called for. cInquiries concerning machinery used were made on the special schedules of manufactures, but not on the general schedule. d Not including "general remarks concerning the establishment, as to its actual and past condition, the demand for and sale of its manufacture." eNumber of inquiries or details called for by general schedule of manufactures only; additional inquiries on special schedules of manufactures, not common to general schedule or other special schedules, are not included. From this summary it is seen that at the census of 1810, as shown by the printed report, the only results obtained related to the kind, quantity, and value of goods manufactured, but comprehended very many articles, as indicated by the printed list in Appendix A. The 14 inquiries made in 1820 comprehended not only the kind and value of goods made, but details concerning the amount of capital invested, amount of contingent expenses, persons employed, wages paid, materials used, and machinery. At the census of 1840 the results secured covered only 5 details as to capital invested, persons employed, and the kind, quantity, and value of goods manufactured. At the censuses of 1850 and 1860 the inquiries covered 14 details, and at the census of 1870, 18 details, comprehending the kind of goods manufactured, capital invested, persons employed, wages paid, materials used, goods |