and fifty-eight out of one hundred and ninety-six votes being cast in favor of admission, and, on May 11th, the president approved the act, and Minnesota became one of the United States of America."

The political history of the state of Minnesota does not contain any very interesting situations. The records of progress which ha ve been made in the institutions and industries of the state are of more importance to the readers of this volume, and these will be found further on in this volume. Following is a list of those who have served in the office of governor of the state and territory, and an account of the several apportionments of the state and territory:

Territorial Governors. - Alexander Ramsey, June 1, 1849, to May 15, 1853; Willis A. Gorman, May 15, 1853, to April 23, 1857; Samuel Medary, April 23, 1857, to May 24, 1858.

On July 7, 1849, Gov. Alex. Ramsey, by proclamation, fixed the following council districts for the territory, which had not then been divided into counties: 1. The St. Croix precinct, of St. Croix county, and the settlements on the west bank of the Mississippi, south of the Crow village, to the Iowa line. 2. The Stillwater precinct, of the county of St. Croix. 3. The St. Paul precinct (except Little Canada settlement). 4. Marine Mills, Falls of St. Croix, Rush lake, Rice river, and Snake river precincts, of St. Croix county, and La Pointe county. 5. The Falls of St. Anthony precinct, and the Little Canada settlement. 6. The Sauk Rapids and Crow Wing precincts, of St. Croix county, and all settlements west of the Mississippi, and north of the Osaka river, and a line thence west, to the British line. 7. The country and settlements of the west of the Mississippi, not included in districts 1 and 6. Total, council, 9 members; house, 18 members. In 1851, the territory having been divided into counties, it was apportioned by the second legislature in to council districts, as follows: 1. Washington, Itasca, and Chisago counties. 2. Precincts of St. Paul and Little Canada. 3. Precinct of St. Anthony Falls. 4. Counties of Wabasha and Washington, and precincts of St. Paul and Little Canada, jointly (Wabasha county to be one representative district). 5. Benton and Cass counties. 6. Dakota county. 7. Pembina county.

In 1855, the following apportionment was made: First council district Washington, Itasca and Chisago, Superior and Doty counties. 2. Precincts of St. Paul and Little Canada. 3. Precinct of the Falls of St. Anthony. 4. Goodhne, Dodge and Freeborn counties. 5. Benton and Cass, Todd, Stearns and Wright. 6. Dakota, Scott and Rice. 7. Pembina county. 8. Houston, Fillmore and Mower. 9. Winona, Olmstead and Wabasha. 10. Le Sueur, Stecle, Faribault, Blue Earth, Brown, Nicollet, Sibley, Pierce and Renville. 11. Hennepin (west), Carver and Davis. Total, council, 15 members; house, 38 members.

State Governors. Henry H. Sibley, May 24, 1858, to January 2, 1860; Alexander Ramsey, January 2, 1860, to July 10, 1863; Henry A. Swift, July 10, 1863, to January 11, 1864; Stephen Miller, January 11, 1864, to January 8, 1866; William R. Marshall, January 8, 1866, to January 7, 1870; Horace Austin, January 7, 1870, to January, 1874; Cushman K. Davis, January, 1874, to

IOWA.

WHEN IOWA was erected into a separate territory in 1838, Robert Lucas was appointed governor of the new territory by president Van Buren. He was succeeded by John Chambers, who received his appointment from President Harrison, and served four years, and until succeeded by James Clark, appointed by President Polk in November, 1845, who held the office till December 31, 1846, when the state government went into operation with Ansel Briggs as governor, who served as such until December, 1850, one term; the terms of office of the governors, under the former constitution, being for four years. He was succeeded by Stephen Hempstead, who served one term, ending December, 1854. The next was James W. Grimes, who served as governor from December, 1854, to January, 1858. During this official term another constitution of the state was adopted, which reduced the term of governor from four to two years, making it begin on the second Monday in January of the even years, and shortening, by about one year, Gov. Grimes' gubernatorial career, which came to a close in January, 1858. Ralph P. Lowe was the first governor under the new constitution, and served one term, ending

January, 1860. He was succeeded by Samuel J. Kirkwood, who was the first executive of Iowa honored by a reelection, an innovation which has thus far been continued to his successors. Gov. Kirkwood's second term closed in January, 1864, and he was followed by William M. Stone, who also served as governor two terms, ending January, 1868, when he was succeeded by Samuel Merrill, whose term expired in January, 1870, and who was reelected and served to January, 1872. Cyrus C. Carpenter was his successor, and served two terms until January, 1876, followed by Samuel J. Kirkwood, who had served two terms as governor, from 1860 to 1864. His third term expires January, 1878.

It will be seen that Iowa, since she has become a separate territory, has had eleven executives three territorial governors, during a period of seven years and a half, ending December 31, 1846; three state governors under the old constitution, acting during a period of eleven years, ending January, 1858; and five state governors under the second constitution, acting during a period of eighteen years, completed January, 1876.

NOTE. In the foregoing chapters we have followed the history of all the states contemplated by our work, down to the date of their admission into the union, and, in addition to this, we have given brief historical sketches of Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa and Minnesota, from the date of their admission into the union down to the present. Two causes operate against our giving similar sketches of the other states. In the first place there is but little of interest in the political records of those states, except that of Kansas, and this state is not strictly speaking included in the northwest, and what we shall have to say concerning it will be more of a descriptive and statistical character than historical, except what has already been said concerning its territorial existence. In the second place, the want of space compels us to discontinue our historical records at this point, as it was the original intention that at least one half of this volume should be devoted to a description of the internal improvements, educational interests, commerce, manufactures, towns and cities, etc., of the northwest. We shall now take up each state in geographical order, beginning with Ohio, and present a brief description of the various industries and interests of each, laying particular stress upon two points, viz: the description of cities, and an account of educational interests.

CHAPTER XXIX.

THE STATE OF OHIO.

Population - Manufacturing-Commerce and Railroads - Education, etc.

POPULATION.In 1788, the first permanent settlement was made in Ohio at Marietta, by parties from New England. "The second settlement was made in the same year at Columbia, near the mouth of the Little Miami river, and in the next year Cincinnati was founded. The "Virginia Military Reservation," between the Scioto and Little Miami rivers, was settled by revolutionary veterans and others from Virginia, and the "Connecticut Reserve," in the northeast part of the state, attracted many citizens from Connecticut, who made their homes along the shore of Lake Erie. Before the close of 1798, eight counties had been organized, and the white male inhabitants numbered over 5,000." In 1800 the population was 45,365; in 1810, 230,760; in 1820, 581,295; in 1830, 937,903; in 1840, 1,519,467; in 1850, 1,980,329; in 1860, 2,339,511, and in 1870, 2,665,260, of whom 2,292,767 were natives of the United States, including 1,813,069 natives of the state, and 372,493 natives of foreign countries. Of these, 12,725 were born in British America, 3,699 in Austria proper, 12,778 in France, 182,889 in Germany, 36,561 in England, 81,674 in Ireland, 7,819 in Scotland, 12,939 in Wales, and 12,727 in Switzerland.

MANUFACTURING. - The manufacturing industries have greatly increased during the last ten years preceding 1870. In 1860, the number of establishments was 11,123; the capital invested, $57,295,303, and the value of products, $69,800,270. In 1870, the establishments numbered 22,773, using 4,586 steam engines, of 129,577 horse power, and 2,157 water wheels, of 44,746 horse power. There were employed 137.202 hands, and wages paid were $49,066,488. The capital invested was $141,923,964; the materials consumed had a value of $157,131,097, and the products a value of $269,713,610. The principal products were: Agricul

tural implements, $11,907,366; boots and shoes, $6,559,946; bread, crackers, etc., $2,202,818; carpentering and building, $6,805,653; carriages and wagons, $5,049,590; freight and passenger cars, $2,555,655; men's clothing $12,367,440; rectified coal oil, $5,388,473; flour and meal, $21,692,210; furniture, $5,794,376; rolled and forged iron, $13,033,169; nails and spikes, $2,097,848; pig iron, $10,956,938; iron castings, $7,318,102; stoves and hollow ware, $3,221,298; leather, $7,236,332; distilled liquors, $7,022,656 malt liquors, $5,753,666; sawed lumber, $10,102,780; machinery (not specified), $4,198,942; steam engines and boilers, $4,801,341; packed pork, $10,655,950; paper, $4,010,483; sadlery and harness, $2,074,268; sash, door and blind, $3,416,998; soap and candles, $2,976,544; tin, copper and iron ware, $3,214,285; tobacco, $2,380,583; cigars, $2,666,183; and woolen goods, $3,187,815.

COMMERCE AND RAILROADS. The commerce of Ohio, and the grand network of railroads upon which it moves, have reached a colossal magnitude. "In the year ending June 30, 1871, there were imported into the four custom districts of the state (Cleveland, Sandusky, Toledo and Cincinnati), from foreign countries, goods to the value of $3,314,378, which yielded $209,737 duties. The direct exportation amounted to $1,743,843. The vessels owned within the state numbered 1,148, of 164,266 tons burden."

In 1872 the mileage of railroads was 5,369 miles, against 4,598 miles in 1870, and 2,598 in 1860. The following are the principal lines: The Atlantic and Great Western Railroad, from Salamanca, N. Y., to Dayton, and thence to Cincinnati (447 miles); the Central Ohio Railroad, from Bellaire to Columbus (137 miles); the Cincinnati and Indianapolis Junction Railroad (98 miles); the Cincinnati and Muskingum Valley Railroad (148 miles); the Cincinnati, Sandusky and Cleveland Railroad (215 miles); the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati and Indianapolis Railroad (471 miles); the Cleveland, Mount Vernon and Delaware Railroad (114 miles); the Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad (2254 miles); the Dayton and Michigan Railroad (142 miles); the Little Miami Railroad, from Cincinnati to Springfield, and several branches (196 miles); the Marietta and Cincinnati Railroad (2834 miles); the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railroad (468 miles);