and in Berlin, to which he removed in 1870. Subsequently he settled for a time at Wieblingen near Heidelberg, and finally removed again to Frankfort. His literary life is divided by Rudolf Gottschall into four periods. During the first, extending to 1840, he earned the reputation of being one of the founders and leaders of the literary school which was called Young Germany, and which made itself known by its daring attacks upon the religious and moral ideas prevailing in German society. On account of his novel "Wally, die Zweiflerin " (1835), which was denounced as irreligious and immoral, he was sentenced to three months' imprisonment at Mannheim. Another work, "Die Zeitgenossen" (2 vols., 1837), he published under the name of Bulwer. His novel "Blasedow und seine Söhne" (3 vols., 1838'39) has a pedagogical tendency, and was one of the foremost works of its period. During this second period (1840–50) Gutzkow achieved a brilliant success as a dramatic writer. His "Richard Savage" opened the German stage to the new literary school of which Gutzkow was one of the leaders. Many of his dramas have maintained themselves on the stage to the present day. The most celebrated works of this period are "Zopf und Schwert" (1844), the "Urbild des Tartüffe" (1847), and

HENRY, JOSEPH, an American scientist, died in Washington City, May 13, 1878. He was born in Albany, N. Y., December 17, 1797. He was educated in the common schools of his native city and the Albany Academy, in which, in 1826, he was appointed a Professor of Mathematics. In the following year he began a series of important experiments in electricity, and in 1828 he published an account of various modifications of electro-magnetic apparatus, which attracted general attention in this country and in Europe. He was the first to prove by actual experiment that, in the transmission of electricity for great distances, the power of the battery must be proportioned to the length of the current. He was also the first to magnetize a piece of iron at a distance, and invented the first machine moved by electro-magnetism. It consisted of an oscillating iron beam surrounded by a conductor of insulated copper wire. A current of electricity was sent through this in one direction, which caused one end to be repelled upward and the other attracted downward by two stationary magnets. The downward motion of the one end of the beam near its lowest point brought the conducting wires in contact with the opposite poles of the battery, which produced the reverse motion, and so on continually. In a subsequent arrangement, the velocity of motion was regulated by a fly-wheel, and electromagnets substituted for the permanent mar

"Uriel Acosta " (1847). During the third period (1850-'60) the dramatic productivity of Gutzkow gradually ceased. Several new attempts he made met with but little success, or were entire failures. On the other hand, however, he gained by two immortal works, "Die Ritter vom Geiste" (9 vols., 1850-'52) and." Der Zauberer von Rom" (9 vols., 1859 '61), the reputation of being one of the greatest German novelists of the day. During the last period of his life (1860-'78) he appeared more as an eclectic writer. Among the most prominent works of this period are the novel "Hohenschwangau " (5 vols., 1868), a picture of the age of the Reformation; the pedagogical novel "Die Söhne Pestalozzi's" (3 vols., 1870), "Fritz Ellrodt" (3 vols., 1872), "Lebensbilder" (3 vols., 1870-'72), and "Die neuen Serapionsbrüder" (1877). Two new dramatic attempts, "Der Westfälische Friede" and "Der Gefangene von Metz," did not meet with a favorable reception. An important contribution to his autobiography is given in his "Rückblicke auf mein Leben (1875). A collection of his complete works was begun in 1871 (vol. I.-XIII., 1871-'76). His last work, "Dionysius Longinus" (1878), is an excited reply to the attacks of some critics upon his works.

nets at first used. Professor Henry was also the first person who exhibited the great power of the galvanic current in producing magnetic effects. He found that by surrounding a large bar of iron bent into the form of a horseshoe with a number of coils of wire, so connected with the battery of a single element that the current in each wire would move in the same direction, a magnetic power of astonishing magnitude could be produced with a comparatively small galvanic apparatus. As early as 1829 he exhibited before the Albany Institute electro-magnets having a magnetic power greater than that before known, and he afterward constructed others on the same principle. One of these, now in the cabinet of the college at Princeton, N. J., will readily support 3,500 pounds, with a battery occupying about a cubic foot of space. In experiments made at the Albany Academy in 1831, he transmitted signals by means of the electro-magnet through a wire more than a mile long, and thus caused the ringing of a bell at the other end of the wire. In the same year he published an account of these experiments and his electromagnetic machine in Volume XIX. of Silliman's "American Journal of Science, " and claimed that the facts which he had demonstrated might be applied to instantaneous communication between distant points by means of a magnetic telegraph. This was several years before Professor Morse had brought such

a telegraph into practical operation. In 1832 he was chosen Professor of Natural Philosophy in the College of New Jersey at Princeton, and there continued his experiments. In the following year he discussed the project of the electro-magnetic telegraph, and demonstrated the practicability of producing mechanical effects at a distance by the electro-magnet. In 1837 he made a visit to Europe, where his experiments and researches had made him well known among scientists. When the Smithsonian Institution was established in Washington in 1846, Professor Henry became its Secretary and principal director, a position which he filled with great advantage to the public until the time of his death. In 1849 he was elected President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and in 1868 he became the President of the National Academy of Sciences. In 1871 he was made the head of the Lighthouse Board of the United States, in which position he rendered valuable services in perfecting the organization of the National Lighthouse System. The degree of Doctor of Laws was conferred upon him by Union College in 1829 and by Harvard University in 1851. Besides " Contributions to Electricity and Magnetism" (4to, Philadelphia, 1839), he published numerous valuable papers in the "American Philosophical Transactions," the "American Journal of Science and Arts,' the "Journal of the Franklin Institute," the "Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science," the "Transactions of the National Academy of Sciences," and the annual reports of the Smithsonian Institution. Joseph Henry stood in the front rank of the great scientists of his age. His name will be associated with those of Franklin, Ampère, Arago, Thomas Young, Sir Humphry Davy, Faraday, Sir William Thomson, and their eminent colaborers in the same field. His most important contribution to practical science was the electro-magnet, which is the foundation of all electro-magnetic telegraphy. Next in practical value have been his investigations into the philosophy and phenomena of sound for use in perfecting fog signals at sea, and the best methods for illuminating lighthouses of the American coast. Out of these have grown systems and appliances of the highest use in promoting the safety of ocean and river commerce everywhere. He was the originator of the system of observation of the weather which has expanded into the present "Signal Service," and for many years, until its practical uses were fully demonstrated, the Smithsonian Institution, under his direction, carried on the work with a corps of volunteer observers stationed throughout the United States.

Dr. Henry was a most unselfish devotee of science. What he discovered he gave freely and immediately to the world for the use of the world. He sought scientific and physical truth for its own sake, hoping and believing

his researches would be of use to his fellow men. The thought of profiting by his discoveries had no place in his contemplation, and so, with ample opportunities for making personal fortune, he had for himself and family. only the savings from the salaried earnings of a laborious and frugal life. Some of his personal friends, chief among whom was Mr. George W. Childs, of Philadelphia, raised a fund of $40,000 for his benefit, but he could not be induced to accept it until it was turned into an endowment fund for the advancement of scientific research after he and his family had passed away.

HODGE, CHARLES, D. D., LL. D., an American theologian, died in Princeton, N. J., June 19, 1878. He was born in Philadelphia, December 28, 1797, and was the son of Hugh Hodge, a physician. He was graduated from the College of New Jersey at Princeton, in 1815, and from the Theological Seminary there in 1819. He was made Assistant Professor in the Theological Seminary in 1820, Professor of Oriental and Biblical Literature in 1822, and Professor of Didactic and Exegetical Theology in 1840. The last named professorship, which was enlarged in 1852 by the addition of polemic theology, he continued to hold till the time of his death. In 1846 he was Moderator of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church (Old School), and in 1858 one of a committee to revise the "Book of Discipline." In 1825 he founded the "Biblical Repertory and Princeton Review," of which he continued to be the editor till 1872, when it was changed into the "Presbyterian Quarterly and Princeton Review." Selections from his contributions to this periodical have been reprinted in the "Princeton Theological Essays" (2 vols., 1846-'47) and in his " Essays and Reviews" (1857). Dr. Hodge also published "Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans," which first appeared in 1835, was abridged in 1836, and rewritten and enlarged in 1866; "Constitutional History of the Presbyterian Church in the United States" (2 vols., 1840-'41); "The Way of Life" (1842); commentaries on Ephesians (1856), 1 Corinthians (1857), and 2 Corinthians (1860); "Systematic Theology" (3 vols., 1871-'72); and "What is Darwinism?" (1874). A volume containing an account of the celebration at Princeton, April 24, 1872, of the semi-centennial anniversary of Dr. Hodge's professorship, has also been published.

HOLLINS, GEORGE N., an American naval officer, died in Baltimore, January 18, 1878, from the effects of a paralytic stroke. He was born in that city, September 20, 1799. He entered the navy as a midshipman in 1814, and was serving on the sloop of war Erie when she made an unsuccessful attempt to run the British blockade of Chesapeake Bay. He was then assigned to duty in Fort Washington, and afterward to the frigate President, Commodore Decatur. He was on board this vessel when

she was captured by the British, and was kept a prisoner of war at Bermuda until peace was declared. He served under Decatur in the Algerine war, and received from him a Turkish saber for his bravery in the capture of an Algerine frigate. After serving on the Guerriere, the Washington, the Franklin, and the Columbus, he took command at the close of the war of an East India merchantman. In 1825 he was made lieutenant and assigned to duty in the West Indies. In 1841 he became commander, and was assigned to the command of the Pensacola navy yard. In 1844 he was flag captain of the Pacific Squadron, and in 1846 again assumed command of the Pensacola navy yard. In 1854 he bombarded and destroyed the town of San Juan de Nicaragua. He was in command of the navy yard at Sackett's Harbor in 1858, and was afterward ordered to join the Mediterranean Squadron. He soon received orders to return to the United States, which he reached in 1861. He then resigned his commission, but the Departinent refused to accept his resignation, struck his name from the rolls, and ordered his arrest. He succeeded in eluding the officers in search of him, went South, and was made a commodore in the Confederate navy. On October 11th he attacked the Federal blockading squadron at the passes of the Mississippi, and was appointed flag captain of the New Orleans Station for what he claimed as an important victory. Before Farragut's attack on New Orleans in April, 1862, Commodore Hollins was superseded by Commodore Whittle. After the war he was pardoned by President Johnson, and took up his residence in Baltimore, where he became a crier in the City Court.

HOLLY SYSTEM OF STEAM-HEATING. The idea of generating the heat required in thickly settled communities for the health and comfort of the inhabitants, and perhaps also for cooking and laundry purposes, in central establishments, and of conducting it stored up in steam or some such absorbent medium through pipes and laying it on in dwellings in like manner with water and illuminating gas, has long been looked upon as a promising scheme, which was likely to be realized in the march of mechanical improvements and in the evolution of social methods. Various inventors have busied themselves with this scheme; but its first practical illustration on a large scale has been accomplished by Birdsell Holly, of Lockport, New York, previously known to the public from his invention of the Holly water-works system. Improvement and economy in the methods of artificial heating is of more concern to the people of the United States than to Europeans, owing to the more continental climate of America, which is characterized by a constant range of low temperature through about two thirds of the year over all the Northern States, necessitating the warming of inhabited rooms through the most of the year. Among the inventions offered

for that end was that of Coleman for steamheating from a central source, quite similar to the Holly plan, but never carried into effect. The Holly system was first introduced into the town of Lockport, where the works commenced running in October, 1877. During the following winter 40 houses were warmed, besides a large schoolhouse and a public hall, and the power was furnished to drive two steam-engines, one of which was nearly half a mile away from the boiler-house. In the second winter (1878-'79) 1,000 consumers were supplied, the total space heated amounting to about 10,000,000 cubic feet. With the methods used for isolating the conducting-pipes and reconverting into steam a part of the water of condensation, the steam is conveyed over long distances without losing any material amount of its heating power. With larger boilers and mains than those employed in Lockport, steam can be thus conveyed and distributed over an area of four square miles from a single central boiler-house. Mr. Holly first seriously directed his studies to the problem of conveying heat into the houses of a city in the year 1866. After he had satisfied himself of the practicability of such a scheme by long experiments, he started the Holly Steam Company in January, 1877, with a capital of $25,000, which undertook to warm the dwelling-houses of Lockport at a price based on the cost of coal consumed in the ordinary methods of heating. A comparison of the cost of heating by the Holly system and that by hot-air furnaces and private steam-heating apparatus was made on the basis of the results of the first winter's operation. The average cost of the fixtures for each of 1,000 takers using the Holly system was taken at $200; the annual interest, with the depreciation and cost of repairs, at $18; and the average yearly bills for steam-service to the company amounted to $39.80, making the total expense for a year $57.80, against $113.75 required to keep a furnace costing $275, and consuming 10 tons of coal a year, and $197 expended annually on a private steam-heater using 12 tons and costing originally $800. This estimate of the cost of the heat is certainly very insufficient, being much higher than it would be if the works were operated to their full capacity and the houses served not so few and so scattered. Improvements and economies in the working of the enterprise can also be reasonably expected to reduce the cost considerably after a longer trial; but, on the other hand, the safety and durability of the elaborate conducting apparatus can only be determined after several years' experience, and the deterioration and cost of maintenance calculated; and the wear and destruction caused by such an active expansive agent as steam, handled under novel conditions, may more than counterbalance any possible reduction in the working expenses. The Holly system offers many other advantages besides a more healthful and less trou