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to its proceeding to another point in the Morea.

Considering that since the return of that fleet to the Navarino, in consequence of a second requisition addressed to Ibrahim by Admiral Codrington, who had met him near Patras, the troops of this pacha have not ceased carrying on a species of warfare more destructive and exterminating than before, put. ting women and children to the sword, burning the habitations, tearing up trees by the roots, in order to complete the devastation of the country.

Considering that, with a view of putting a stop to the atrocities which exceed all that has hitherto taken place, the means of persuasion and conciliation, the representations made to the Turkish chiefs, and the advice given to Mehemet Ali and his son, have been treated as mockeries, whilst they might, with one word, have suspended the course of so many barbarities.

Considering that there only remains to the commanders of the allied squadrons the choice between three modes of fulfilling the inten. tions of their respective courts, namely.

1st. That continuing, throughout the whole of the winter, a blockade, difficult, expensive, and perhaps useless, since a storm may disperse the squadrons, and afford to Ibrahim the facility of conveying his destroying army to different points of the Morea and the islands.

2dly. The uniting the allied squadron in Navarino itself, and securing by this permanent presence, the inaction of the Ottoman fleets; but which mode alone leads to no termination, since the Porte persists in not changing its system.

3dly. The proceeding to take a

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position'with the squadrons in Nava. rino, in order to renew to Ibrahim propositions which, entering into the spirit of the treaty, were evidently to the advantage of the Porte itself.

After having taken these three modes into consideration, we have unanimously agreed, that this third mode may, without effusion of blood, and without hostilities, but simply by the imposing presence of the squadrons, produce a determination leading to the third object.

We have in consequence adopted it, and set it forth in the present protocol. October 18, 1827.

EDWARD CODRINGTON, Vice admiral and commander in chief of his Britannic majesty's ships and vessels in the Mediter:

ranean.

LOUIS, COUNT DE HEIDEN, Rear admiral of his imperial majesty the emperor of all the Russias. Rear admiral H. DE RIGNY, Commanding the squadron of his most Christian majesty.

GENERAL ORDERS.

Asia, 24th October, 1827, in the port of Navarino. Before the united squadrons remove from this theatre, on which they have gained so complete a victory, the vice admiral, comman. der-in-chief, is desirous of making known to the whole of the officers, seamen and marines, employed in them, the high sense which he has of their gallant and steady conduct on the 20th instant. He is persuaded that there is no instance of the fleet of any one country show. ing more complete union of spirit, and of action, than was exhibited by the squadrons of the allied pow. ers together, in this bloody and de. structive battle. He attributes to

his most cordial thanks to his noble
colleagues, the two rear-admirals,
for the able manner in which they
directed the movements of their
squadrons, and to the captains, com.
manders, officers, seamen and
royal marines, who so faithfully
obeyed their orders, and so bravely
completed the destruction of their
opponents.
EDWARD CODRINGTON,
Vice-Admiral.

the bright example set by his gal. lant colleagues, the rear-admirals, the able and cordial support which the ships of the several squadrons gave to each other during the heat and confusion of the battle. Such union of spirit, and of purpose; such coolness and bravery under fire, and such consequent precision in the use of their guns, insured a victory over the well prepared arrangements of geatly superior num. bers, and the whole Turkish and Egyptian fleets have paid the pe- Letter from the Admirals, to the Inalty of their treacherous breach of faith.

The boasted Ibrahim Pacha promised not to quit Navarino, or oppose the allied fleet, and basely broke his word. The allied commanders promised to destroy the Turkish and Egyptian fleets, if a single gun was fired at either of their flags; and, with the assistance of the brave men whom they have had the satisfaction of command. ing, they have performed their promise to the very letter. Out of a fleet composed of sixty* men of war, there remained only one frigate and fifteen smaller vessels in a state ever to be again put to sea. Such a victory cannot be gained without a great sacrifice of life; and the commander-in-chief has to deplore the loss of many of the best and bravest men which the fleet contained. The consolation is, that they died in the service of their country, and in the cause of suffering humanity.

The commander-in-chief returns

*Mons. Bompard, a French officer who retired from the service of Ibrahim Pacha, by direction of admira de Rigny, reports the whole number to be eightyone, including the smaller ones.

Greek Government.

Port of Navarino, the

25th October, 1827. Gentlemen-We learn, with lively feelings of indignation, that, while the ships of the allied powers have destroyed the Turkish fleet, which had refused submitting to an armistice de facto, the Greek cruisers continue to infest the seas; and that the prize court, the only tribunal recognised by the Greek code, seeks by legal forms to justify their excesses.

Your provisional government appear to think, that the chiefs of the allied squadrons are not agreed on the measures to be adopted for putting a stop to this system of lawless plunder. It deceives itself. We here declare to you, with one voice, that we will not suffer your seeking, under false pretexts, to enlarge the theatre of war; that is to say, the circle of piracies.

We will not suffer any expedi. tion, any cruise, any blockade, to be made by the Greeks beyond the limits of from Volo to Lepanto, including Salamina, Egina, Hydra, Spezzia.

We will not suffer the Greeks to incite insurrection at Scio, or in Albania, thereby exposing the po

pulation to be massacred by the Turks, in retaliation.

We will consider as void, pa. pers given to cruisers found be. yond the prescribed limits; and ships of war of the allied pow. ers will have orders to arrest them, wherever they will be found.

There remains for you no pretext. The armistice, by sea, exists on the part of the Turks, de facto. Their fleet exists no more. Take care of yours-for we will also destroy it, if need be, to put a stop to a system of robbery on the high seas, which would end in your exclusion from the law of nations.

As the present provisional government is as weak as it is immo. ral, we address these final and irrevocable resolutions to the legisla. tive body.

With respect to the prize court which it has instituted, we declare it incompetent to judge any of our vessels without our concurrence.

We have the honour to be, gen. tlemen, your most obedient ser

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infidels, the infidels on their part are the enemies of the mussul. mans; that Russia, in particular, bears a particular hatred to Islam. ism, and that she is the principal enemy of the Sublime Porte.

For fifty or sixty years, anxious to put in execution her guilty pro. jects against the Moslem nation and the Ottoman empire, she has always profited by the least pretence for declaring war; the disorders committed by the janissa. ries, who, thanks to God, are annihilated, favoured her projects; she has by degrees invaded our provinces; her arrogance and pretensions have only increased, and she has thought to find an easy means of fulfilling her ancient plan against the Sublime Porte, by exciting the Greeks, who are of the same religion. The latter, assembled in the name of religion, revolted simultaneously; they did the Moslems all possible evil, and concert with the Russians, who, on their side, attacked the Ottoman empire. This union had for its object the extermination of all the faithful, and the ruin of the Sublime Porte, which God pre

serve.

Thanks to the divine assistance, and the protection of our Holy Prophet, this perfidious plot was discovered a short time before it was put into execution. The mea. sures taken in the capital stopped in the beginning the guilty progress, the fulfilment of which seemed so easy. The sword did justice on many rebels of the Morea, Negropont, Acarnania, Missolonghi, Athens, and other parts of the continent and the isles, who dared at first to oppose the Mos. lems; they killed several of them;

reduced the women and children to slavery; and under the title of "Government of Greece," carried on the most unheard of excesses. For several years, both by sea and land, forces have been sent against them; but our land troops, discouraged by a want of pay, did not show the necessary zeal; our fleet also could not succeed on account of the former disorganization of the arsenal. The affair thus proceeded slowly; other Europe. ans, besides the Russians, furnished all sorts of assistance to the rebels, and became the peculiar cause of the prolongation of these disturbances. At length, led by the tricks and insinuations of Russia, England and France united with her; and, under the pretence that their commerce suffered from the long continuance of these disturbances, they made the Greeks renounce their duties of Rayas by all sorts of artifices.

It was proposed at different times to the Sublime Porte not to interfere in the affairs of Greece, by giving them a form of independent government; to separate them totally from the Moslems; to establish a chief, as in Wallachia and Moldavia; and to grant them their liberty on payment of an annual tribute. Such were the vain propositions made. As it is evident that their pretension to liberty tended to nothing less (Heaven preserve us from it) than to make all the countries of Europe and Asia, where the Greeks are mingled with the Moslems, fall into the hands of the infidels; to place insensibly the Rayas in the place of the Ottomans, and the Ottomans in the place of the Rayas; to convert, perhaps, our mosques into churches, and to make the

bell again resound-in a word, to annihilate, easily and promptly, Islamism; neither reason, law, policy, nor religion, permitted such propositions to be accepted. The Porte gave frequently, either in writing or verbally, the necessary answers, with all the official forms, and according to the tenor of treaties. Although the object of the Franks has been perceived from the beginning, and, every thing announced, that in the end the sabre alone must answer the propositions, yet, not to disturb the repose of the Moslems, and on the other hand, to gain the time necessary for the preparation of war, the Porte endeavoured to tempo. rize, as much as possible, with satisfactory answers and official conferences, of the subject of the dishonour and prejudice which the proposition of the three powers would cause to the empire and the

nation.

Here we must observe, that although the demands made by the Russians at Akerman, on the sub. ject of indemnification, and particularly with regard to the Servians, could be by no means admitted, although the circumstances being pressing, they were acquiesced in, in order to seize the opportunity of concluding a treaty for the safety of the Mahommedan nation ; hither. to the greater part of them had been fulfilled; conferences were also commenced relative to the indemnified persons and Servia, and although these two affairs could not be amicably arranged, they were taken into consideration as acts of violence.

Russia did not, however, stop here. The military reforms adopted by the Porte gave her umbrage; she felt that resignation might make

that evil fall on her, which she had prepared for Islamism. Then she determined to give the Moslems no further respite. Russia, England, and France were to attack by force that liberty which was alone mentioned.

For a year past these three pow. ers have together demanded Greek liberty through the medium of their ambassadors officially and openly, as a simple concession. The Porte could not yield according to the dictates of reason, policy, and religion; the Moslem na. tion has been insulted by the proposition; and it is impossible that it can ever consent to it. The Porte endeavoured to make them renounce their pretensions, but without effect; proud of their strength, they persisted obstinately and rigorously, to procure the acceptance of their demand, and ended by sending fleets into the Mediterranean. They openly prevented the Ottoman and Egyptian squadrons, destined to punish the rebels, from attacking the isles. These two squadrons having entered the port of Navarino, awaited quietly the orders of the Porte, when the Russian, English, and French fleet entered unexpectedly as friends, into the same port, began a fire altogether, and every one knows the catastrophe which befell the imperial squadron.

The three powers having thus openly broken treaties, and declared war, the Porte had a good right to make reprisals, and to act very differently in the first instance with the ambassadors, the foreigners, and vessels which were here; but the ministers of those three courts having endeavoured to justify themselves by declaring that the commanders of the fleet had

given rise to the battle, the Porte had regard to circumstances, still preserved silence, and made use of policy for a last effort; at the same time it invited the three ambassadors to abstain from interference in Greek affairs. Deaf to the voice of justice, these infidels did not cease to require that their demand should be admitted, such as it was, relative to Greek liberty. It may be said, even, that their re. monstrances became more pressing. At length the hostile views of the Franks against Islamism be. came evident. Yet, for the sake of gaining time, at least till the summer, all possible caution was used in the conferences which took place some weeks ago. It was notified several times to the Am. bassadors, that as soon as the Greeks sued for their pardon, their faults should be forgotten-that their lives, their properties, and their lands, should be granted to them-that they should enjoy the most perfect tranquillity and secu. rity-that they should be remitted the capitation and other taxes owing since the insurrection; that no further questions relative to other imposts should be entertained; that besides, to please the three pow. ers, they should be exempt from tribute for a year; in short, that they should enjoy all the privileges of Rayas, but nothing beyond would be allowed,

In the course of the conferences, the Porte requested them to transmit to their courts these friendly declarations and sincere explanations, with the promise that the armistice demanded by themselves should be preserved till the receipt of the answer. This invitation only increased their pride and their pretensions. Finally, they de

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