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ly understood that the Bolivians may remain in their own country, and that the Peruvians may return to theirs, leaving them at full liberty so to do. Colombian soldiers in the two armies are comprized in this article, and neither party shall be at liberty to reclaim deserters. Art. 14. No Bolivians shall be accountable to the law, nor responsible, directly nor indirectly, for having expressed their opinions under existing circumstances, and those who are in that predicament, shall be treated and regarded according to their talents and ser. vices.

Art. 15. The contracting parties shall be responsible for all hostile acts, which may take place in

either army, after the ratification of this treaty.

Art .16. Two officers, who shall be designated by the contracting generals, shall be given as hostages for the fulfilment of this treaty.

Art. 17. This treaty shall be ratified or rejected within twentyfour hours, and in case it shall be disapproved or not ratified, hostilities shall re-commence in twelve hours.

Signed in duplicate.
MIGUEL MARIA DE AGUIRRE.
LEGEN. JOSE MIGUEL De Velasco.
MIGUEL DEL CARPIO, Sec'ry.

JUAN AGUSTINO LIRA.
JUAN BAPTISTA ARQUEDAS.
JOSE MARIA LOPEZ, Sec'ry.

BRAZIL.

CONVENTION BETWEEN HIS BRITANNIC MAJESTY AND THE EMPEROR of BRAZIL, FOR THE ABOLITION OF THE AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE, SIGNED AT RIO DE JANEIRO, NOVEMBER 23, 1826.

Art. 1. At the expiration of three years, to be reckoned from the exchange of the ratifications of the present treaty, it shall not be lawful for the subjects of the emperor of Brazil to be concerned in the carrying on of the African slave-trade, under any pretext or in any manner whatever, and the carrying on of such trade after that period, by any person, subject of his imperial majesty, shall be deemed and treated as piracy.

Art. 2. His majesty the king of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and his ma jesty the emperor of Brazil, deeming it necessary to declare the engagements by which they hold

themselves bound to provide for the regulation of the said trade, till the time of its final abolition, they hereby mutually agree to adopt and renew, as effectually as if the same were inserted, word for word, in this convention, the several articles and provisions of the treaties concluded between his Britannic majesty and the king of Portugal on this subject, on the 22d of January, 1815, and on the 28th of July, 1817, and the several explanatory articles which have been added thereto.

Art. 3. The high contracting parties further agree, that all the matters and things contained in those treaties, together with the

instructions and regulations, and forms of instruments annexed to the treaty of the 28th of July, 1817, shall be applied, mutatis mutandis, to the said high contracting parties and their subjects, as effectually as if they were recited word for word herein; confirming and approving hereby all matters and things done by their respective subjects under the said treaties, and in execution thereof.

Art. 4. For the execution of the purposes of this convention, the high contracting parties further agree to appoint forthwith mixed commissions, after the form of those already established on the part of his Britannic majesty and the king of Portugal, under the convention of the 28th of July, 1817.

Art. 5. The present convention shall be ratified, and the ratifications shall be exchanged at London within four months from the date hereof, or sooner if possible.

In witness whereof, the respective plenipotentiaries have signed the same, and have affixed thereto the seals of their arms.

Done at Rio de Janeiro, the 23d day of November, in the year of our Lord 1826. [L.S.] ROBERT GORDON. [L.S.] Marquez de S. AMARO. [L.S.] Marquez de INHAMBUpe.

Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between his Britannic Majes. ty, and his Majesty the Emperor of Brazil.

Rio Janeiro, August 17th, 1827. In the name of the Holy and Indivisible Trinity, &c. &c.

Art. 1. There shall be peace and friendship for ever, between his majesty the emperor of Brazil, and his majesty the king of

the united kingdoms of Great Bri tain and Ireland, their heirs and sucessors, their subjects, states, and countries, without distinction of person or of place.

Art. 2. His imperial majesty, and his Britannic majesty, have agreed, that each of the high contracting parties shall have the right of naming, and placing consuls-general, consuls, and viceconsuls in all or any of the ports of the other, as may be judged necessary for the commercial interests and advantage of its subjects. The consuls of each class cannot enter upon their functions, unless named by their respective monarchs, with all the requisite formalities, and confirmed by the monarch upon whose territory they are pla. ced. The most perfect equality is to exist between the consuls of each class throughout the territory of each of the high contracting parties. The consuls shall enjoy the privileges attached to their rank, as generally recognised and granted. In all civil and criminal affairs, they are to submit like the rest of their fellow-countrymen, to the laws of the land in which they reside, and to enjoy the entire protection of those laws during their observance of them.

Art. 3. The consuls, and viceconsuls of the two nations shall, each in his respective residence, take cognizance and decide upon the differences which may arise between the subjects, the captains, and crews, of the vessels of their respective nations, without the intervention of the authorities of the countries, unless the public tranquillity demand it, or unless the parties themselves carry the affair before the tribunals of the territory, in which the difference arises. In

like manner, they shall have the right of administering the property of the subjects of their own nation, dying intestate, for the benefit of the legitimate heirs of said property, or creditors, conformably to the laws of their respective countries.

Art. 4. The subjects of each of the high contracting parties are to enjoy, throughout the territory of the other, the most perfect liberty of conscience in all matters of religion, conformably to the system of toleration, introduced and followed in each of their respective countries.

Art. 5. The subjects of either sovereign may, at their own plea. sure, dispose of their property by sale, exchange, testament, or in any other manner, without let or hinderance. Their houses, goods, and effects, shall be protected and respected, and no authority shall invade them, without the will of their proprietors. They shall be exempted from all service upon land, and upon the sea; from all forced loans, and contributions, for war or for the service of the state; they shall not be required to pay any ordinary tax, under any denomina. tion whatsoever, at a higher rate than that paid by the subjects of the monarch, whose territory they inhabit. They shall not be subjected to any arbitrary domiciliary visits; their books or papers shall not be demanded nor examined under any pretence. It is agreed that domici. liary and other visits, and examina. tions, shall only take place in the presence of the competent authorities, in cases of high treason, smuggling, and other crimes, provided for by the laws of the respective nations. In general it is expressly stipulated, that the subjects of each party shall enjoy, throughout the territory

of the other, as regards their own persons, the same rights, favours and franchises, which are or may afterwards be granted, to the subjects of the most favoured nations.

Art. 6. The constitution of the empire having abolished all separate jurisdictions, it is agreed that the office of judge advocate (juiz conservador) of the British nation shall be suppressed, and that in the mean time a sufficient substitute shall be provided, for the protection of the persons and property of the subjects of his Britannic ma. jesty. Hereby it is understood, that the subjects of his Britannic majesty shall enjoy in Brazil, the same rights and advantages enjoyed by Brazilian subjects, in civil and criminal matters; that they cannot be arrested without previ ous inquest, and the orders of the proper authorities, except in cases where they are taken in flagrante delictu, and that their persons are to be free from arrest, in all cases in which the law allows bail.

Art. 7. If, which Heaven avert, any misunderstanding, breach of friendship, or rupture, should take place between the two crowns, such rupture shall not be considered as existing, until after the recall or the departure of the diplomatic agents of the two powers. The subjects of either power remaining within the territory of the other, shall have the right of regulating their affairs, or of carrying on their business with the interior, provided they continue to act peaceably. and do nothing contrary to the laws. Nevertheless, whenever their conduct gives rise to suspicions, they may be obliged to quit the country, every possible facility being afford. ed them, to retire with their property and effects, and sufficient

time being granted them; in no case, however, to exceed six months.

Art. 8. It is also agreed, that neither of the two contracting parties shall knowingly or designedly take or keep in his service, those subjects of the other, who may have deserted from the sea or land service, but shall on proper demand, dismiss all such from his employ. It is moreover declared and agreed, that every favour which can be granted by one of the powers to the other, relative to deserters from his service, shall be considered as also conceded in the opposite case, as fully as if expressed in the present treaty. It is also agreed that in the case of sailors or marines, deserting from ships belonging to subjects of either power, during their sojourn in the ports of the other, the authorities are bound to render all possible assistance, for the arrest of such deserters; in like manner the necessary reclamations shall be made by the consul-general, the consul, or his deputies and re. presentatives; and moreover, no religious or civil corporation shall protect or receive the said desert.

ers.

Art. 9. Salutes in ports, and between flags, shall be made conformably to the usual existing regulations between maritime states.

Art. 10. Liberty of commerce and navigation shall be reciprocally enjoyed, by the respective subjects of the two powers, in ships of both nations, and in all and every port, city, and territory, belonging to the said contracting powers, excepting those to which entrance is expressly forbidden to any foreign nation. It is agreed, that as soon as a port which has

been thus interdicted, shall be opened to the commerce of any other nation, it shall be, from that moment, also opened to the subjects of the two high contracting parties. The subjects of the two high contracting parties may enter with their respective ships, into all the ports, harbours, bays and anchorages, of the territories belong. ing to each of the two parties, unload the whole or a part of their cargoes, and take in or re-export merchandises. They may remain there, rent houses and stores, travel, trade, open shops, transport goods, boats or money, and attend to all their concerns, without being thereby subjected to any surveil. lance, and transact their business at their pleasure, by means of agents and clerks. Nevertheless, it is agreed that the coasting trade between ports, with articles of consumption, either with the interior, or with other nations, shall be excepted, and that this trade can only be carried on in ships of the country; the subjects of the two powers are, however, permitted to load such ships with their property, merchandise and money, on paying the same duties.

Art. 11. The ships of the sub. jects of each of the two high contracting powers, shall pay no higher port, tonnage, and the like duties, than those which are or may hereafter be required of the most favoured nations.

Art. 12. In order to prevent all doubts concerning the nation to which a ship may belong, the two parties have agreed to consider as English, those ships which are purchased, registered, and employ. ed in navigation, conformably to the laws of Great Britain. On the other hand, such are to be consi

dered Brazilian, as are built upon the Brazilian territory, belong to Brazilian subjects, and whose captain and three fourths of the crew, are Brazilians. All ships shall likewise be considered as Brazi. lian, taken from the enemy by ships of his majesty, the emperor of Brazil, or by his subjects, furnished with letters of marque, if they have been declared lawful prize by the Brazilian prize court; also those which have been condemned by a competent tribunal, for infraction of the laws prohibiting the slave. trade, and those bought by Brazilian subjects, with crews constituted as above mentioned.

Art. 13. The subjects of each of the two monarchs, while on the territory of the other, shall enjoy entire liberty of trading in any way with other nations.

Art. 14. Excepting in this re. spect, all articles and merchandise of which the crown of Brazil reserves to itself the exclusive monopoly. If, however, the trade of any one of these articles should afterwards become free, the subjects of his Britannic majesty shall be permitted to exercise it, with no greater restrictions than those of his majesty the emperor of Brazil. The duties upon the import and export of these articles, and merchandises, shall in all cases be the same, whether consigned to Brazilian, or to English subjects, or exported by them or belonging en. tirely to one of them.

Art. 15. In order to determine what is to be viewed as contraband in time of war, it is agreed to include under that head, all arms and munitions of war, by land or sea, such as cannon, guns, mor. tars, petards, bombs, hand grenades, grape shot, saucissons, gun

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carriages, musket stocks, bandeliers, powder, matches, saltpetre, balls, pikes, swords, helmets, cui. rasses, halberts, lances, spears, horse furniture, holsters, sword belts, and instruments of war in general, as well as ship timbers, tar and pitch, sheet copper, sails, canvass, ropes, and, in general, every thing necessary for fitting out ships of war, except unwrought iron, and pine boards.

Art. 16 Packets shall be es. tablished, to facilitate the public service of both courts, and the commercial relations between the subjects of each. They shall be considered as royal ships, whene. ver they are under the orders of officers of the royal navy. This article shall remain in force until an agreement has been concluded between the powers, for the special arrangement of the packet establishment.

Art. 17. For the more effica. cious protection of the commerce and navigation of their respective subjects, the two high contracting parties, agree to receive no pirates within the ports, bays, or anchora. ges of their respective dominions, and to prosecute with all the rigour of the laws, all persons convicted of piracy, and all persons domiciliated in the territory, convicted of understanding or participation with them. All ships and cargoes belonging to the subjects of either of the contracting parties, taken or robbed by pirates, in the neighbourhood of one of the ports of the other, shall be returned to their proprietors, or to those whom they may appoint, as soon as the identi. ty of the property can be estab. lished. This restitution shall take place, even when the article claim. ed has been sold; only, however,

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