continent. This passage was written by John Quincy Adams the Secretary of State, and was inserted by Mr. Monroe in the message.

3. The Occasion of the Other Paragraph.-The occasion of the other paragraph of the message was as follows: The Holy Alliance, the name given to the alliance formed by the emperors of Russia and Austria and the King of Prussia, was a very powerful combination, professedly in the interest of the Christian religion, but really in the interest of absolute power.

4. Danger to Our Peace and Safety. In the midst of a passage of some length Mr. Monroe said that we owed it to the friendly relations existing between the United States and the European powers to declare that we should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety, and that we could not view any attempt by any European power to oppress the Spanish-American countries which had become independent "in any other light than as a manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States."

5. The Policy of Congress.-The Monroe doctrine thus announced became the settled policy of Congress and of the successive administrations, and has been repeatedly approved by national conventions of the great parties. It has been extended, with more or less logical consistency, in more than one direction.

6. Different Views.-Some people understand that the United States has taken a position which implies a general oversight of the affairs of all American republics. More over, according to one view, the Monroe doctrine gives us rights and obligations not only toward the adjacent islands of the West Indies, but toward Hawaii.

7. Enforcing it. The doctrine in its original form no longer requires a threat on our part to enforce it, for the United States has become so great that no foreign power would think of violating either of its principles we have quoted.

Estimated cost of Indian wars from July 4, 1776, to

.$ 135,193,703.00

107,159,008.00 100,000,000.00 6,189,929,908.58

In the War of 1812-15 there were 10 battles, 8 combats and assaults, 52 actions and bombardments. In the Mexican War there were 11 pitched battles and 35 actions, combats, sieges and skirmishes. In the Civil War of 1861-5 there were 107 pitched battles, 102 combats, and 362 actions, sieges, and lesser affairs. Since 1812 the United States army has had over 640 battles, fights, and actions against Indians. Since 1789 there have been 912 garrisoned forts,

arsenals and military posts in the United States. At the present time (1891) there are 144 garrisoned forts, arsenals and military posts.

Up to and including June, 1861, there were 1,966 graduates of the Military Academy, and of these there were living at the outbreak of the Civil War of 1861-5 1,249.

Of the 1,249, 428 were in civil life, and 821 were in the military service of the United States. Of those in civil life, 292 took sides with the Union and 99 joined the Confederacy, while 37 are unknown. Of the 821 in the army, 627 sided with the Union, 184 joined the Confederacy, and 10 took neither side. Of the 99 who joined the Confederacy from civil life all, except one, were either born and brought up or were residents of southern territory. On the other hand, of the 350 graduates born or appointed from southern states, 162 remained loyal to the United States. Of the graduates who served in the Civil War, one-fifth were killed in battle, while one-half were wounded.--Lieutenant W. R. Hamilton, U. S. A. (From World Almanac.)

The System of United States Land Surveys.

1. Land Surveys.-As Macy says, the Department of the Interior has charge of the public lands until they become the property of individuals or of states. Before land can