and Dallas ticket. In 1845 he was elected mayor of the city by a large majority, and reelected in 1848. During his administration he was instrumental in the organization of the Board of Commissioners of Emigration and the establishment of a regular police-force. His administration was noted for economy, honesty, and a careful interest in the welfare of the city. In 1850 he declined a renomination, and the next year became President of the Bank of North America, where he served for ten years. In 1859 he was again a candidate for mayor, but was defeated by Fernando Wood. During the war he was thoroughly loyal to the Government, and urged the abolition of slavery as a war measure. Though extensively engaged in business, he found time during the few years after the war to protest most earnestly against the corruption and frauds which were rife in the city. In 1871 he became President of the Committee of Seventy -the committee which overthrew the Tweed dynasty. In the autumn of 1872 he was nominated for mayor by that committee, and elected by a small majority. He assumed office January 1, 1873, and at his death had a month more to serve. His third term was not a success. The age was too fast for him, and the greater part of his time was spent in unseemly wrangles with the aldermen and other city officers; a number of his appointments were injudicious, and an application was made to the Governor for his removal from office, a step which the Executive declined to take. Still, there was no doubt in any quarter of his honesty and integrity. In private life Mr. Havemeyer was kindly and cordial, and, though he often concealed his real benevolence under some asperity of manner, he was known to be a man of liberal and generous nature. His death was very sudden, his last illness continuing only for a few moments.

HAVEN, Rev. Joseph, D. D., LL. D., a Congregationalist clergyman, professor, and author, born in Dennis, on Cape Cod, Mass., January 4, 1816; died in Chicago, Ill., May 23, 1874. His parents having removed to Amherst, Mass., during his childhood, he was educated in Amherst Academy and Amherst College, graduating from the latter in 1835. He was for two years a teacher in the New York Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, studying theology meanwhile in the Union Theological Seminary. In 1837 he entered the Middle Class in Andover Theological Seminary, and graduated in 1839. He was ordained pastor of the Congregational Church in Ashland, Mass., in November of that year, and remained there till 1846, when he was called to the Harvard Church, Brookline, Mass., and during his four years there was also one of the editors of the Congregationalist. In 1850 he was invited to the chair of Mental and Moral Philosophy in Amherst College, and commenced the duties of his professorship in Jannary, 1851. "Here he taught the Scotch phi

losophy with a logical force and clearness worthy of the system, and with a felicity of illustration and a vein of humor that were wholly his own." In August, 1858, he resigned his professorship and accepted that of Systematic Theology in the Chicago Theological Seminary, then just organized. His labors there were very great, but they were crowned with extraordinary success. In 1870 he resigned on account of ill-health, made a tour in Europe and the East, and on his return engaged in preaching and lecturing upon ancient and modern philosophy and upon the English classics. In 1873 he became Acting-Professor of Mental and Moral Philosophy in the Chicago University, and was engaged in the duties of that office up to the time of his death. Dr. Haven was all his life a hard student, and was remarkable for the extent of his learning and the thoroughness of his scholarship. He was an admirable lecturer and an eloquent preacher. His published works, aside from many single sermons, occasional addresses, essays, and reviews, were: "Mental Philosophy, including the Intellect, Sensibilities, and Will" (1857); "Moral Philosophy, including Theoretical and Practical Ethics" (1859); "Studies in Philosophy and Theology" (1869). A work on "Systematic Divinity," completed only a few weeks before his death, has been since published. Prof. Haven received the degree of D. D. from Marietta College in 1859, from Amherst College in 1862, and that of LL. D. from Kenyon College. He was the first President of the Philosophical Society of Chicago.

HOFFMANN, HEINRICH AUGUST, called “of Fallersleben," a German poet and philologist, born at Fallersleben, in Mecklenburg, April 2, 1798; died at the seat of the Duke of Ratisbon on the Rhine, January 21, 1874. His father was a merchant and burgomaster of Fallersleben, and the son was destined for a clergyman, but, after passing through the Gymnasia of Helmstädt and Brunswick, and the Universities of Göttingen and Bonn, studying theology exclusively at the former, and at the latter making the acquaintance of the brothers Grimm, he determined to devote himself to philology and German literature, under their direction. In 1820 he published an edition of the "Fragments of Otfried." Soon after, he commenced a leisurely journey along the banks of the Rhine and through Holland, collecting everywhere the poetry of the middle ages, of which so many fragments were preserved among the peasants. In the course of this journey he visited Berlin, and while there was appointed librarian to the University of Breslau, and soon after professor extraordinary, and finally full professor in the same university. For the next eighteen or nineteen years he fulfilled his duties at the university with great zeal, and published not only the middle age songs and ballads he had collected, but many of his own poems which were of such a character as to interest the common people. One

of the publications (a compilation published in Hamburg in 1840-'41), entitled " Unpolitical Songs," in 2 vols., being, in spite of its title, extremely republican, called down upon the poet the displeasure of the then reigning King of Prussia, Friedrich Wilhelm IV., who in consequence dismissed him from his positions in the university in December, 1842. This only rendered Hoffmann more popular as the poet of the people. He traveled over most of Continental Europe during the next two years, studying the language and literature of the different nations. In 1845 he settled in Mecklenberg. In 1848 the hostility of the Prussian Government having relaxed, he was invited to return, and received a pension from the crown. He took no part in the revolutionary movement of that time, but pursued assiduously his literary labors. In 1854 he removed to Weimar, where he edited, in company with Schade, the "Year Book," published in that city, and in 1861 became librarian to the Duke of Ratisbon, a German nobleman with whom he remained till his death. Hoffmann's political, liberal, and bacchanalian songs are very numerous, and make him very popular in Germany, so much so that during his travels he was often received with great heartiness and enthusiasm by the people. "His poems," Longfellow observes, "are distinguished by an artless simplicity, by harmony of language, and skillful versification." The following are the principal volumes of poems, both compilations and original songs and ballads, which he published: "German Songs" (1826); "Poems," 2 vols. (1834); "Unpolitical Songs," 2 vols. (1840-'41); Popular Songs of Silesia, with Melodies" (1842); "German Songs composed in Switzerland" (1843); "Fifty Songs for Children" (1843); "Fifty New Songs for Children" (1845); "Forty Songs for Children" (1847); "A Hundred Songs for Students (1847); "Diavolini" (1847); "The German Popular Song-Book" (1848); "Songs of Love" (1850); "Echoes of the Country (1850); "The Life on the Rhine" (1851); "Songs of the Soldiers" (1851); "Political Poems of the Early Times in Germany" (1843); "Songs of the German Societies (Guilds) of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries" (1844). Besides this long array of poetical works, Prof. Hoffmann had published numerous works on literature, history, and philology. The most important of these were: "Hora Belgica," 8 vols. (1830-1852); "Materials for a History of the German Language and Literature," 2 vols. (1830-1837); "History of Religious Music in the German Church up to the Times of Luther" (1832); "Reineke Vos" (1834); "Fragmenta Theostica" (1834); "Monumenta Elnonensia." This contained the Ludwigslied discovered a short time previous at Valenciennes (1837); "Principal Characteristics of German Philology" (1836); with Haupt, "German Antiquities," 2 vols. (1835-'40); "Catalogue of Old German Manuscripts in the Imperial Library at Vienna" (1841); "Materials

for a History of German Literature," 2 vols. (1845); "Theophilus" (1853). Besides these, he had written numerous articles on philology, criticism, and literature, for the principal periodicals of Germany. His literary activity had somewhat abated in the last twenty years.

HONDURAS (REPÚBLICA DE HONDURAS), one of the five independent states of Central America, extending from the 13th to the 16th parallel of north latitude, and from 85° 39' to 89° 6' west longitude. It is bounded on the north by Guatemala and the gulf of its own name; on the southeast by the Caribbean Sea; on the south by Nicaragua, Fonseca Bay, and the republic of San Salvador, and on the west by the country just named and the republie of Guatemala. It embraces an area of 58,168 square miles, and the population was estimated in 1874 at 351,700, but the figures set down in the ANNUAL CYCLOPEDIA for 1873 are probably more approximate to the truth. The number of white inhabitants does not exceed 5,000. Comayagua, the capital, has a population of about 7,500.

The President of the Republic is Señor Ponciano Leiva, elected in 1874; the Minister of the Interior and of Foreign Affairs is Señor A. Zúñiga; of Finance, Señor E. Ferrari; and of War, Señor J. López. The Bishop of Comayagua is J. F. Zepeda, appointed in 1861.

The army is composed of some 600 regular troops and about 6,000 militia.

In a country continually distracted by warfare, as is Honduras, but little attention is paid to the publication of commercial statistics. None of a reliable character have here been given since the overthrow of the Medina administration in 1872; and it is difficult, if not impossible, to arrive at even an approximate estimate of the value of the foreign commerce for the past year. It is, however, to be presumed that, if the precise state of affairs were given, a formidable diminution, rather than an increase, would be registered; for, if report be true, large numbers of laborers were diverted from agricultural concerns to fill up the ranks of the armies in the successive revolutions since the middle of 1873, and a natural consequence would be limited crops, and of course a corresponding decrease in the exports. Then the capture of Amapala, and the siege of Comayagua, the former at the end of 1873, and the latter from December of that year to the last days of the January following, did not tend to better the general condition of trade. Accord ing to Medina's report, in 1872, as above stated, the exports were of the value of $1,305,000; but it is quite probable that they did not exceed $1,000,000 in 1874.

The financial situation is disastrous. The revenue, computed in the most favorable times at not more than $4,000,000, must of necessity have fallen far short of that figure last year, owing to the depression of foreign trade, for fully one-third is derived from the customs, while another proceeds from the sale of spirits,

a branch monopolized by the Government. Then the expenditure, at all times greatly in excess of the income, was considerably enhanced by the wars, and the deficit can only be made up by oppressive extraordinary taxation; for Honduras, with resources sufficient, if adequately developed, to swell the revenue to many times its hitherto usual standard, is regarded in Europe as being almost hopelessly insolvent, and can no longer, or at least until she shall have retrieved her lost reputation, resort to her time-honored remedy of borrow

time no further payments have been made on account of either the foreign or the home debt. Of the home debt nothing precise is known, nor has any report thereon been published by the finance department for a considerable number of years.

It was stated in a British publication that the holders of the 5 per cent. claims to be redeemed out of the custom-house receipts of the port of Amapala were unable to obtain any satisfaction either from Señor Gutierrez, exPresident Medina's old financial agent, and now minister of Honduras at London, or from Dr. Bernhard himself.

After the foregoing statement, it would seem almost superfluous to add that the name of this

republic appeared in the same list with those of the other defaulting countries published in London in the course of the year. It was then marked as in default, in the sum of £4,972,000 since April 1, 1874.

As for the railway, which at first served as the ostensible motive for the loans of 1867, 1868, and 1870, nothing further has been done; the 56 miles opened in 1872 still represent the only finished portion of the line; and it is said that the sections yet to be completed will require an outlay of $8,000,000.

The political state of the republic is one of uninterrupted peace, and, strange as this may appear, has been so since last August. Señor Ponciano's administration is becoming daily more popular; and in the neighboring republics, even those who have heretofore been

known as the systematic detractors of every administration in Honduras, predict therefrom the consolidation of peace at no far-distant day in this the most ill-fated of the Spanish-American states, not even excepting Mexico. Señor Leiva, as mentioned in the volume for 1873, having placed himself at the head of a revolutionary movement for the avowed object of superseding Señor Arias, was proclaimed President at Choluteca, on December 16, 1873; and, thanks to the united aid of Guatemala and San Salvador, the very powers who had but some months before been instrumental in deposing Medina and setting up Arias in his stead, succeeded in taking the capital and gaining possession of the whole country by February, 1874.

Señor Leiva's proclamation was issued in November, 1873, and it sets forth some of the

more important charges against his predecessor, and the principles by which he himself promised to be guided in reforming the Gov

ernment:

PROCLAMATION.

Ponciano Leiva, citizen of the republic of Honduras, having been called to the presidency by public opinion, expressed in various ways: Considering the notorious unpopularity and discredit into which the administration of Señor Arias has fallen;

That during the eighteen months of his government he has proved himself incapable of maintaining order at home or repelling aggression from abroad, as recent facts have shown, and as is well known to all Central America;

That Señor Arias, turning his back upon the noble and generous principles proclaimed by the past revolution, has established a government which is purely personal and arbitrary; That the government of Señor Arías has maintained the dictatorship longer than was necessary, without any reason of public good, and only for the purpose of securing his election by the people;

That he has suppressed all liberty, holding the press under restraint, and restricting the right of suffrage, which form the basis of all true republican

governments;

That the most sacred civil rights, which existed prior to and are above all legislation, have been viofated in all the departments of the republic by order of the government of Señor Arias, or with his consent;

That military executions, proscriptions, and arbitrary imprisonments, accompanied by the most inhuman acts, and confiscation in all its forms, have been exercised on a large scale in the republic, in the name of democracy and liberty;

That the anarchy into which Honduras is sunk is the direct consequence of Señor Arias's errors and arbitrary management;

That it is absolutely necessary to put a stop to so abnormal and violent a state of things to enable the people to enjoy peace, order, and true liberty;

That public feeling and opinion in general point to the necessity of a change of administration;

By the right of insurrection, proclaimed and sanctioned by all the enlightened nations of Europe and America, declares:

1. That a new provisional government is inaugurated in the republic of Honduras.

2. In the mean time, until the cabinet is fully organized, I appoint temporarily to take charge of the departments of Foreign Relations, Government, Justice, Public Instruction, Public Works, and Public Worship, the Licenciado Don Adolfo Zúñiga, and for those of War and Finance, Lieutenant-General Juan López.

3. The new government will proceed to the organization of all the branches of the public service immediately.

It may be here mentioned that freedom of the press was not an empty promise in Señor Leiva's initiatory proclamation, but has now become an accomplished fact. This important reform alone is sufficient to exalt him in public favor far above the level of his contemporaries guiding the destinies of the Central American states. We should not omit to observe that, after the capitulation of Arias in Comayagua, he was detained a prisoner, and his predecessor, Medina, was set at liberty. Arias was afterward sent into exile.

As a consequence of a long period of maladministration, the political and social condition

of the country on the accession of Leiva to power was exceedingly unpromising, and of a nature to demand the most strenuous efforts on the part of the new President. He found society divided into numberless factions, all alike regardless of law and moral order: the army almost completely broken up, the Treasury depleted, and unsatisfactory relations with foreign countries.

New elections were to take place, near the end of the year, for President and for representatives of the various departments, the candidates for the executive power being Leiva (hitherto only provisional President), Manuel Colindre, and Ramon Midence, the last a landowner near Tegucigalpa, and considered by the Guatemala press to be the real representative of the Liberal Party. A movement, set on foot by Señor Zúñiga, to form a party, which should be neither Conservative nor Liberal, gave rise to no small degree of mistrust. Such was the state of the republic at the middle of Decenber. In the mean time, the work of reform had begun, and was carried on with unremit ting zeal; the public-school system had received some substantial marks of attention and encouragement; proposals were made (and are likely to be accepted) for the introduction of suitable school-books from the United States; a university was to be established, and the Gov$24,000 due to the Pacific Mail Company. ernment manifested a desire to pay a sum of

A law was promulgated defining the privi leges to be enjoyed by foreigners settling in the republic; for Honduras, in common with the seeing immigrants flock to its shores. They other Spanish-American states, is desirous of will be subject to the same laws as the natives of the country; lands assigned to them on their arrival will, after five years of uninterrupted cultivation, become their property; they will be exempt from military duty for ten years, save in the case of a foreign invasion, and likewise from all taxes, and will receive patents for any mechanical invention or improvements they may introduce. Lastly, they will enjoy perfect liberty to exercise their religion, though in private, if that be not the Roman Catholic, and will have their own cemeteries; and there will be nothing to prevent them from selling their property whenever they desire to do so, and leave the republic.

There is, nevertheless, room to doubt whether all these advantages will determine an important tide of immigration to Honduras, so long as such superior inducements, climatic, social, moral, and material, are offered by the United States, Brazil, the Plate Republics, and Australia.

It was reported in November that a convention had been agreed on between the Governments of Honduras and San Salvador for the purpose of settling the internal affairs of the former country and uniting to combat any further uprising of the reactionary party.

The Hungarian ministry was, in December, 1874, composed as follows: President of the Ministry, St. von Bitto, appointed March 21, 1874. 2. Minister near the King's person (ad latus), Baron Wenckheim (appointed March, 1871). 3. Minister of Finance, C. Ghyczy, March 21, 1874. 4. Minister of the Interior, Count Szapary (March 5, 1873). 5. Minister of Education and Public Worship, Dr. Augustin Tréfort (September 5, 1872). 6. Minister of Justice, Dr. Th. Pauler, formerly Professor of Jurisprudence at the University of Pesth -Minister of Education and Public Worship from March, 1871, to September 1872 (appointed Minister of Justice September 5, 1872). 7. Minister of Public Works, Count Joseph Zichy (March 21, 1874). 8. Minister of Agriculture, Industry, and Commerce, G. Bartal. 9. Minister of Croatia and Slavonia, Count Pejacsevitch (March, 1871). 10. Minister for the Defense of the Country, B. Szende von Kevesztes (March 21, 1874).

The Hungarian Diet or Reichstag consists of two Houses. The Upper House, called the Table of Magnates, was in 1873 composed of the three Austrian archdukes who have landed property in Hungary; 31 archbishops, bishops, and other high church dignitaries of the Roman Catholic and Greek Oriental Churches; of 12 "imperial banner-bearers," 57 supreme counts (presidents of counties), 5 supreme royal judges, the count (comes) of the Transylvania Saxons, the Governor of Fiume, 3 princes, 218 counts, 80 barons, and 3 "regalists" from Transylvania. The Lower House, called the Table of Deputies, comprised in the same year 444 members, of whom 334 represented Hungary proper, 1 Fiume, 75 Transylvania, and 34 Croatia and Slavonia. The Diet meets annually, and new general elections take place every three years. The right of voting belongs to all who have received an academic education, carry on a regular business, or pay a small amount of direct taxes, as provided by the electoral law. The language of the Diet is Hungarian, which every member is required to understand; only the representatives of Croatia and Slavonia have the right to use their own language.

The public revenue of Hungary for the year 1872 amounted to $7,943,000, the expenditure to $10,904,000; deficit, $2,961,000. The budget estimates for 1874 showed a deficit of about $12,800,000. According to Article XXXIV. of the Hungarian Statutes of 1873, 55 per cent. of the taxes collected in Croatia and Slavonia are delivered into the common treasury of the lands of the Hungarian crown, and 45 per cent. are spent in meeting the home expenses of these countries. The total revenue of Croatia and Slavonia for 1874 was $3,240,000. To meet the interest of the common debt of the monarchy, contracted prior to 1858, Hungary pays an annual contribution of $13,630,000. sides, Hungary has a special debt, amounting in 1874 to $275,000,000. The large moneyed institutions of Hungary have of late, as in cisLeithania, increased very rapidly in number, but not so much proportionally in the amount of their capital. The following banks (all of them in Pesth) have a capital exceeding $1,000,000: Anglo-Hungarian Bank, established in 1868, $4,700,000; the Hungarian General Credit Bank (1867), $14,100,000; the Franco-Hungarian Bank (1867), $15,000,000; the Pesth Bank (1872), $2,350,000; the General Hungarian Municipal Bank (1872), $4,700,000.

Be

The aggregate length of railways in the monarchy, open for traffic and under construction was, January 1, 1871, as follows: Open for traffic 6,280 kilometres (1 kilometre = 0.62 mile). The number of private and official letters forwarded by the post-office during the year 1873 was, 52,800,000; of newspapers, 23,500,000. The length of telegraph-wires, in January, 1874, was 46,780; of telegraph-lines, 13,725 kilometres. The number of telegraphstations was 837.

At the close of the year 1873, both the country and the Diet were chiefly agitated by the wretched condition of the finances. One party expected to reestablish an equilibrium between revenue and expenditures by reducing the expenditures, another by raising the taxes. The Diet appointed a special committee, consisting of twenty-one members, to investigate the whole subject. The Minister of Finances resigned, and for a time it was thought that an entirely new ministry would be formed. The ministerial crisis was, however, adjourned, and the president of the cabinet provisionally assumed the department of finances.

On his return from St. Petersburg, the Emperor Francis Joseph, in March, 1874, went to Pesth, where the ministerial crisis had broken out again. The prime-minister, Szlavy, found that he could not rely on a permanent majority in the Diet, and therefore on March 8th again tendered his resignation. The Emperor personally visited the great leader of the majority, Francis Deak, and, although the aged patriot could now no more than on former occasions be prevailed upon to assume himself the task of forming a new ministry, his advice was freely given, and the support of the new cabi