The estimates of expenditure under the Consolidated Fund for the financial year ending June 30, 1881, amounted to 25,517,000 dollars, or 5, 103,400/., and of total expenditure to 25,207,203 dollars, or 5,041,440l. On the total receipts and expenditure for the year there was a saving of 1,000,000%. For the financial year ending June 30, 1880, the estimates of expenditure on the Consolidated Fund were 23,427,882 dollars, or 4,685,5761., and the total expenditure, 39,616,140 dollars, or 7,923,2287. The revenue for 1882-3 is estimated at 30,600,000 dollars, and expenditure at 27,600,000.

The public debt of the Dominion, incurred chiefly on account of public works, and the interest of which forms the largest branch of the expenditure, was as follows on July 1, 1879:

Total Funded and Unfunded Debt......... $158,745,580 57 £31,749,116

To the existing debt was added, in 1879, a four per cent. loan of 3,000,000l., one-half of which bears the guarantee of the British government. Out of this loan 1,547,000l. is to be employed in redeeming the six per cent. bonds.

According to the Public Accounts for the year ending June 30, 1880, the Public Debt of Canada stood as follows:

In the financial estimates for the year 1878-79, the total expenditure on account of the debt was set down at 15,501,674 dollars, or 3,100,335, and in the provisional estimates for 1879-80 the same was calculated at 14,282,413 dollars, or 2,856,483/.

Army. In addition to the troops maintained by the Imperial Government-the strength of which was reduced, in 1871, to 2,000 men, forming the garrison of the fortress of Halifax, considered an "Imperial station "-Canada has a large volunteer force, and a newly organized militia, brought into existence by a statute of the first Federal Parliament, passed in March, 1868, "to provide for the defense of the Dominion." By the terms of the Act, the militia consists of all male British subjects between 18 and 60, who are called out to serve in four classes, namely: 1st class, 18 to 30, unmarried; 2d, from 30 to 45, unmarried; 3d, 18 to 45, married; 4th, 45 to 60. Widowers without children rank as unmarried, but with them, as married. The militia is divided into an active and a reserve force. The active includes the volunteer, the regular, and the marine militia. The regular militia are those who voluntarily enlist to serve in the same, or men bal

loted, or in part of both. The marine militia is made up of persons whose usual occupation is on sailing or steam craft navigating the waters of the Dominion. Volunteers have serve for three years; and the regular and marine militia for two years. On the 1st of January 1879, the active militia comprised a force of 45,152 officers and men, organized as follows: cavalry, 2,637; field artillery, 1,438; garrison artillery, 3,470; engineers, 282; infantry and rifles, 37,316, The reserve militia comprised 655,000 rank and file at the same date.

Under the Act of 1868, amended in 1871, Canada is divided into twelve military districts, four of which are formed by Ontario, three by Quebec, one by Nova Scotia, one by New Brunswick, one by Manitoba, one by Prince Edward Island, and one by British Columbia. Two schools of military instruction for artillery are established in each of the provinces of Ontario and Quebec, and one in each of the provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. There is, besides, a royal military college at Kingston, Ontario.

Area and Population.-The population of Canada in the year 1800 was estimated at 240,000; in 1825 it amounted to 581,920; in 1851 to 1,842,265; and in 1861 to 3,090,561. The census of April 3, 1871, stated the area and population of the Dominion as follows; with which are given the preliminary results of the census of April 3, 1881:

1873

99.059

1874

80,022

50,050 39.373

1878

41,033

29,807

1879

61,051

40,492

Provinces.

The average increase in ten years has been at the rate of 18 05 per cent., varying from 1361 per cent. in Nova Scotia to 289 per cent. in Manitoba.

By an Order in Council issued in August, 1880, all British possessions in North America not already included in the Dominion, comprising all islands with the exception of Newfoundland and its dependencies, are to be considered as forming part of the Dominion of Canada from September 1, 1880. The census of Newfoundland, taken at the end of 1869, stated the total population at 146,536-comprising 75.547 males, and 70,989 females-living on an area of 40,200 English square miles. In 1874 the population was 161,389. In 1881 it was 181,753.

The population of the Dominion consisted at the census of 1871 to the extent of more than four-fifths of natives of British North America. These numbered 2,900,531, of whom 1.138.794 were natives of Ontario: 1.147,664, of Quebec;

Trade and Industry.-The trade of the Dominion of Canada is chiefly with the United States and Great Britain, the greater part of the imports being derived from the United States, and the greater part of the exports going to Great Britain. The following statement gives the total value of exports and of imports, and the total value of imports entered for home consumption in the Dominion, in each of the ten fiscal years ending June 30, from 1872 to 1881:

Sinaloa

36,198

168,031

Sonora.

Tabasco

79 021

109,388

11,851

83,707 140,000

Tlaxcala

1,620

121,663 504,950

Yucatán

29,567

422,365

Zacatecas..

22,998

Territories:-Lower California.

61,562

Federal District of Mexico

461

397,945 23,195 315,996 9.343,470

It is calculated that five millions, or rather more than onehalf, of the population of the Republic of Mexico, are pure "Indians," the rest comprising a mixture of various races; the white, or European-descended inhabitants, numbering from about 500,000 souls. Formerly existing distinctions of color and race were abolished by the constitution of 1824, which admits persons of all colors to the equal enjoyment of civil and political rights.

Trade and Industry.—The total imports of Mexico in the year 1876 were of the estimated value of 28,485,000 dollars, or 5,697,000l., and the value of the exports 25,435,000 dollars, or 5,087,000l. The chief article of export was silver, of the estimated value of 15,000,000 dollars, or 3,000,000l., the remainder comprising copper ores, cochineal, indigo, hides, and mahogany and other woods. The staple imports are cotton and linen manufactures, wrought iron, and machinery. More than two-thirds of the total trade of Mexico is carried on with the United States, and the remainder with France, Germany, and Great Britain.

The principal articles of export from Mexico to Great Britain in the year 1880 were mahogany, of the value of 218,604/.. and unrefined sugar, of the value of 98,113. Cotton manufactures, of the value of 572,692.; linens, of the value of 68,864, and iron, wrought and unwrought, of the value of 261,253., formed the chief imports of the United Kingdom into Mexico in 1880.

The subjoined tabular statement shows the total value of

The formerly valuable silver mines of Mexico, neglected for a long time, were partly reopened in 1854. The richest of all the mines now worked are those of Real del Monte and Pachuca, situated about sixty miles from the City of Mexico, and belonging to an Anglo-Mexican company. The total exports of silver ore from Mexico to the United Kingdom amounted in value to 80l. in 1869, to 3,340/. in 1870, to 29,774% in 1871, to 25,643. in 1872, to 11,019. in 1873, to 2,254/. in 1874, to 7,919. 1875, to 14,5727. in 1876, to 14,538%. in 1877, to 5,0667. in 1878, to 38,2617. in 1879, and to 22,3957. in 1880.

Mexico had 1,070 miles of railway open for traffic in 1881. The principal line, called the "National Mexican," 300 miles long, from Vera Cruz to the City of Mexico, with branch to Pueblo, was commenced, under State aid, in 1864, and completed in 1869. The lines under construction include an InterOceanic railway across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, between the mouth of the Coazacoalco and the Upper Lagoon on the Pacific side. This line will be 60 miles long, and was to be opened at the end of 1882.

The total length of telegraph lines, at the end of June, 1881, was 10,580 English miles. There were, at the same date, 363 telegraph offices.

The post-office carried 4,406,410 letters in the year 1879–80. At the end of June, 1881 there were 873 post-offices in the re. public.

Money, Weights and Measures.—The money, weights and measures of Mexico and the British equivalents, are as fol lows: