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to have praised, to have been blamed; I saw him weep, he was seen to weep; erring, forgiven;" having nothing, and yet possessing all things."

you may do as you please, we do like simplicity, it does not signify, do you see the meaning?

The auxiliary verbs of tense are such as be, be about, be going, begin, do, have, keep, shall, will, etc. Ex. You are chosen, they were laughing, we are about to depart, we are going to learn French, I did once think, he has seen too much, they kept expecting what was impossible, he would dance and sing the whole day long.

17. The three tenses of verbs, or the times in which an action or event may be said to take place, are the present, the past, and the future; and in each of them, it may be considered as indefinitely, or imperfectly, or perfectly accomplished. Ex. (Indef. pres.) I read, (imperf. pres.) I am reading, (perf. pres.) I have read; (indef. past) I read, (imperf. past) I was reading, (perf. past) I had read; (indef. fut.) I shall read, (imperf. fut.) I shall be reading, (perf. fut.) I shall have read. In the subjunc-afflicted, having been disappointed. tive mood, the tense forms express the probability or improbability of the event or action spoken of. Ex. (Prob.) "What matter where, if I be still the same?" "Though thou detain me, I will not eat." (Improb.) "If ye were of the world, the world would love his own." "If ye loved me, ye would rejoice."

All the moods, tenses, etc., of the passive forms of verbs are made by the help of the verb be. Ex. 1 am praised, we were loved, they shall be beaten, to be

The imperative mood admits of no distinctions of time, but only of the completeness or incompleteness of the action commanded. Ex. (Imperf.) Read thou, (perf.) Have done!

In the infinitive mood the only tense is the present. Ex. (Indef. pres.) to read, (imperf. pres.) to be reading, (perf. pres.) to have read. And the participles admit only of the distinctions of completeness and incompleness of the action spoken of. Ex. (Imperf.) reading, (perf.) read.

18. By means of a class of verbs, called Auxiliary verbs, the capability of expressing the several relations of mood, tense, etc., is greatly extended and refined. Those tenses which are formed without the assistance of auxiliaries are called simple tenses, and the others, compound. Ex. We hope, you fear, they fled; I am hoping, thou hast feared, he has fled, we shall learn.

The auxiliary verbs of mood are such as may and can, which express possibility; must, ought, and shall, which express obligation; shall and will, expressing determination of will; might, could, and would, expressing desire; let and may, implying permission; do, which adds emphasis to assertion, and is employed in negatives and questions, etc., etc. Ex. It may be so, he can do it, you must see that you should obey, "these things ought not so to be," we shall see to that, I will be heard, might it but be so! could we but know it, would he were here! let him do what he will,

19. The only distinctive personal forms are those of the second and third persons singular of the present indefinite tense, and the second person singular of the past indefinite; all the other persons in each of the simple tenses are alike. Ex. I lead, thou leadest, he leads (leadeth), we lead, you lead, they lead. 1 led, thou leddest, he led, we led, you led, they led.

Impersonal Verbs, of which there are but two in our language (strictly so to be called), are found only in the third person singular. Ex. “Meseems I hear her singing loud," meseemed; "methinks he breaks it," "methought I saw my late espoused wife." But other verbs are often used impersonally. Ex. It rained last night, it liked him well, it behoved him to do the same.

20. By far the greater number of English verbs, including all that have been recently introduced, and almost all derivatives, are of the class called weak verbs, that is, they form their past indefinite tenses, and their perfect participles, by the addition. of d (or t) to the present, or ed when the present ends in d or t. Ex. Hope, hoped; light, lighted. But it must be observed, there is a great difference between our spoken and our written language in this particular; the forms of the latter having departed widely from the sounds of the former. Ex. Walk, walked (pron. walkd); step, stepped (pron. stept); stab, stabbed (pron. stabd); bar, barred (pron, bard).

The remainder form their past indefinite tenses and perfect participles either by modifying the verbal sound, and adding n or (en) for the participle (being of the class called strong verbs); by modify ing the vowel, and adding for the participle; by changing the terminal d into t; or by retaining the present form for both the tense and the participle.

But the tendency to uniformity is so strong that many of these verbs have lost one or both of their peculiar forms, and others have two forms for the past indefinite and perfect participle.

21. The following is a complete list of these verbs, classified mainly by their present forms, yet not without regard to their original forms in the Anglo-Saxon. It must be observed that the original forms of many of these verbs are obsolete, or preserved in provincial usage only (and such forms are enclosed in parentheses); and that sometimes the past tense is used for the participle, and sometimes the terminal n or en has been dropped.

First Division. Verbs which change their vowel sounds, and form their perfect participles by adding en or n, or strong verbs.

1st Class. Vowels e and a, becoming e, a, or o.

Present Indef. Tense. Past Indef. Tense. Perfect Participle.

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Note. That by means of the various auxiliaries a great number of additional tenses, in all the moods, might be formed.

Note also, that in the passive, the imperfect tenses cannot be formed except for a few verbs, and then only in the past and present, and in two ways-" the house is building," or "the house is being built;""the books were printing," or "were being printed." Formerly the first of these forms was different. Ex. The ark was a-preparing.

28. Adjectives.-There are no changes of forms in the adjectives, to show their relations to the nouns they qualify, as to gender, number or case. Ex. A wise man, wise men; a tall man, a tall woman,

Sing.

PERFECT.

I have been seen, Thou hast been seen, He has been seen.

I had been seen,
Thou hadst been seen,
He had been seen.

I shall have been seen, Thou shalt have been seen, He shall have been seen.

(If) I have been seen, (If) Thou have been seen, (If) He have been seen.

(If) I had been seen, (If) Thou hadst been seen, (If) He had been seen.

Plur.

We have been seen, You have been seen, They have been seen.

We had been seen, You had been seen, They had been seen.

We shall have been seen, You shall have been seen, They shall have been seen

We have been seen, You have been seen, They have been seen.

We had been seen, You had been seen, They had been seen.

To have been seen. Having been seen.

a tall tree; they saw the powerful king's golden crown; he defeated three great emperors' vast armies. But the degree of intensity in which any quality is regarded as characterizing one or more persons or things, when compared with others, is expressed by the addition of er (or r) and est (or st) to the simple. (or positive) form of the adjective; the former (called the comparative degree) being employed where only two subjects are compared, the latter (named the superlative) when a subject is compared with more than one other in respect of the same quality. Ex. This tree is taller than that, but the next is the tallest of the three, and those trees are the tallest in the wood; this man is wiser than those

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