in New York, 658 in New Orleans, 236 in Philadelphia, 152 in Cincinnati, 134 in Boston, 112 in Louisville, and 101 in St. Louis: making an aggregate in these seven cities of 2,160, and more than one-half of their number in the Union.

A late California authority, quoted by Professor De Bow, in his Census report to Congress, in 1854, estimates the population of that State to be as follows: 215,000 Americans, 25,000 Germans, 25,000 French, 20,000 Spaniards, 17,000 Chinese, 5,000 other foreigners, 20,000 Indians, and 2,500 Negroes: making an aggregate of over 320,000, about one-third of whom are not natives of the United States. Of late years the Chinese immigration has increased immensely, and the number of these pagans is already so great in California as to prove the source of much difficulty, and to be a cause of considerable alarm to its inhabitants. According to a late report of Captain Heurtier, the number of immigrants from Hong Kong to California, up to the 30th of June, 1854, amounted to 45,000; to Australia (wives and children included), to 15,000. From January 1st to June 30th, 1854, 10,496 immigrants left Hong Kong for California, and 4,341 for Australia.

Another subject worthy of more attention than it has yet received, is that of the Mormon immigration. In a few years more, Utah will be a flourishing and powerful State, a large majority of whose citizens will be foreigners who are not naturalized and owe no sworn allegiance to the United States. Some statistics have recently been collected concerning the amount of immigration from Great Britain alone to Utah, which has taken place within the last year past, and the aggregate will be somewhat surprising to those unacquainted with the extensive system of proselytizing which the Mormons have now organized throughout Europe. The following is the statement as published, dating from the 27th of November, 1854, to the 26th of April, 1855:

Of these, 874 were landed in New York, 1,450 in Philadelphia, and 1,302 in New Orleans, from which places they were forwarded to Salt Lake City; 1,127 of their number were indebted to the Perpetual Immigrating Fund, for the means of immigrating.

A recent Census taken of Boston, shows the population of that city to be 162,629, being an increase since the year 1850, of 23,841 persons. Of this population, there are 86,336 foreigners, including their children. under 21 years of age, being considerably over one-half of the entire population of the city proper, and an increase of the foreign population since the Census of 1850, of 22,870 persons. It thus appears that the foreigners outnumber the natives, and that within the last five years, the disproportion in favor of the former has been augmented. It is esti mated, however, that a portion of the business population of the city, to the number of 50,000, reside in the vicinity and neighboring towns; and as it is probable that a large majority of them are native born, the native element of the population of Boston still preponderates considerably over the foreign. Of this foreign population, 69,239 are Irish, 4,586 are German, and 12,511 from other countries.

In Wisconsin, according to the returns of the recent Census of that State, there has also been a large increase in the foreign population since the year 1850, especially in the city and county of Milwaukie, as the following table shows:

It will be seen that, of every thousand of the population, 618 are of foreign, and but 382 of native birth. In the city, the population is 30,438; foreign 19,621, native 10,827-giving a foreign element of 641 per cent., or a clear foreign majority of 290 in every thousand votes polled.

The returns of the Census taken in New Jersey, during the summer of the year 1855, show the population of Newark, the largest city in the State, to be 50,711 persons, of whom 28,902 are white natives, 20,584 are foreigners, and 1,230 colored. In Jersey City, there are 12,283 native whites, 9,135 foreigners, and 291 colored natives, and 6 colored foreigners making an aggregate population of 21,715 persons. Trenton has a population of 13,819, of whom there are 7,395 native adults, and 3,368 foreign adults. Thus we find in these three cities in New Jersey, with an aggregate population of 86,245 persons, no less than 33,087 foreigners, being nearly 40 per cent. of the entire population. In the sixth, seventh and eighth wards, in Newark City, with an aggregate population of 13,939 persons, including 456 colored, there are 8,594 foreigners, being very near two-thirds of the whole population.

CHAPTER II.

FOREIGN IMMIGRATION.

"THE right of expatriation," observes the report of the Society established in New York, for the purpose of giving useful information to immigrants, "is a right acknowledged and practiced by all nations, from the earliest ages to the present time. It is a right indispensable to liberty and happiness, and ought never to be surrendered. The free States once established in Asia recognized it; Greece adopted it; the Romans avowed it, and vindicated the right in all its latitude, and the following declaration composed part of their code: 'Every man has a right to choose the State to which he will belong. It is a law of nature that we go whither we list to promote our happiness." " Without stopping here to inquire whether the right of expatriation is thus broadly and unqualifiedly recognized, even in the United States, it is entirely safe to adopt the opinion expressed by the Rev. D. R. Thomason, Secretary of the Philadelphia Immigrant's Friend Society, in his published "Hints to Immigrants," and to say that "no man ought to quit his native land without just and cogent reasons. It is the land which gave him birth, 'the home of his fathers,' and the filial obligations which bind him to it are strong and sacred; they cannot be needlessly broken, and obligations to a foreign government contracted, without exposing to censure, and incurring a large share of criminality. That there are, however, circumstances which abundantly justify such a step, is sufficiently obvious, and the individual who can refer to them as his own, and plead them as reasons for self-expatriation, may be pitied as unfortunate, but cannot justly be charged with dereliction of duty."

Various reasons may be urged to exculpate self-expatriation, prominent among which is the want of honorable and remunerative employment, as a means of procuring an independent and adequate support. "When the parent is unable to make suitable provision for the offspring, it is time," says Mr. Thomason, "that the needy children should quit the parental roof and seek elsewhere their daily bread;" and he well adds, "that this, at the present moment, is precisely the situation of the mother country, is undeniable." The most obvious and most fruitful cause of this calamity is, no doubt, as he observes, a disproportion between the population and the resources of maintenance. In Europe, there are more hands to labor than profitable labor to be performed, and a remedy for the evil can only be found in a diminution of population by immigration. This is a simple

and efficient remedy not dependent on the plans of politicians and enactments of rulers, but to a great extent on individual will and action. It is within the reach of all who have the requisite courage and enterprise, and the small amount of pecuniary means necessary to transport them across the Atlantic. "It is not, therefore, matter of surprise that the stream of immigration should flow fast from the overcharged basin of European population, in whatever direction a suitable outlet can be found that thousands should be leaving their native land, and thousands be preparing to follow, to seek in other climes at once a sphere for their talents and industry, and the means of competent maintenance for themselves and families, content to endure temporary inconvenience and privation to secure the substantial and permanent advantages of independence and competence for themselves, and to perpetuate the same blessings to their offspring.

According to a table in De Bow's Compendium U. S. Census of 1850, the progress of immigration since 1790, has been as follows:

According to this statement, collated from the reports of the Collectors of the Ports of Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and other seaports, the number of immigrants arrived, during the last eleven years past, exceeds two millions and a half of persons. Enormous as has been the increase, the number actually arrived is no doubt much greater; and this opinion is sustained by the following table, compiled from the reports to Congress, made annually by the Secretary of State, under the act of 1819, which shows the number of passengers arrived in the United States from foreign ports, from October 1, 1843, to January 1, 1855:

By a published statement of the New York Commissioners of Immigration, it appears that, during the first six months of the year 1855,

there arrived at that port but 69,476, being a decrease, as compared with the same period of the year previous, of 65,275.

It appears from these statistics that the immigration, previous to the year 1840, was comparatively small, and that there was no material increase until 1846, when the Irish exodus commenced. It then rose to 300,000 per annum, and now, with the aid of similar exoduses from Germany, China and other countries, it has swelled to a half million a year. Mr. Kennedy, the Superintendent of the Census, in his report to Congress, in 1851, makes the following estimate of the accessions to our population from immigration, from 1790 to 1850:

Increase from 1810 to 1820, of those arriving previous to 1810,..

..58,450

Increase from 1820 to 30 of immigrants and descendants of immigrants, in 1820,...134,130

Increase from 1830 to 40 of immigrants and descendants of immigrants, in 1830,...254,445

Immigrants and descendants of immigrants, in 1840,........

1,879,263

..1,521,850

Arrived from 1840 to 1850,..........
Increase of the above,.......

..183,942

Increase from 1840 to '50 of immigrants and descendants of immigrants, in 1840,...719,361 Immigrants since 1790, living in 1850, and descendants of immigrants,..............4,304,416

Professor De Bow, in his Compendium of the Census of 1850, expresses the opinion that Mr. Kennedy's estimate is too high, and gives it as his own that the immigrants and descendants of immigrants did not exceed, in 1853, the number of 3,000,000. Dr. Chickering, a celebrated statistician, and who is generally regarded as good authority, has, however, made an estimate, which exceeds that of Mr. Kennedy, in number.

What the number of the foreign population was at the time Independence was declared, we have no exact data. It has been variously estimated. A recent writer in the New York Evangelist has made a careful analysis of the original elements of our population, and shown conclusively, as had been stated before in the Encyclopædia Americana, that of the thirteen colonies, at the time of the Declaration of Independence, twelve were settled with colonists, who, with a few trifling exceptions, were Englishmen, and he proceeds to estimate the relative proportions of which our composite population consists. Of the increase of popula