FOOTNOTES

1. Meron Benvenisti, Jerusalem, the Torn City (Minneapolis: The University of Minnesota Press, 1976), pp. 11-12.

2. "U.S. Aide Quits Israel as Dispute Blocks Talks," New York Times, 6 June 1983.

3. David Landau, “Capital indivisible, Israel reasserts," Jerusalem Post, 18 August 1983, p. 2.

4. In Hong Kong, where there is no American Embassy, the consul is the senior American diplomat and therefore reports directly to the State Department.

5. Menahem Kaufman, “America's Jerusalem Policy, 1948," Forum of the Jewish People, Zionism and Israel, no. 45, Summer 1982, p. 99.

6. "General Assembly Resolution 181 (II), Part III,' as cited in John Norton Moore, ed., The Arab Israeli Conflict (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977), p. 926.

7. Elihu Lauterpacht, Jerusalem and the Holy Places (London: The Anglo-Israel Association, 1968), p. 15.

8. All Arab members of the U.N. at the time voted against partition: Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria and Yemen. See Israel and the Arabs: Prelude to the Jewish State (New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1972), p. 229. The Arab Higher Committee in Palestine declared the Partition Resolution “null and void." See J. C. Hurewitz, The Struggle for Palestine (New York: Schocken Books, 1976), p. 310.

9. Kaufman, "America's Jerusalem Policy, 1948," p. 72.

10. Menachem Kaufman, America's Jerusalem Policy: 1947-1948 (Jerusalem: The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1982), p. 60.

11. Ibid., p. 82.

12. Kaufman, “America's Jerusalem Policy, 1948," p. 106.

13. Ibid.

14. Eugene H. Bovis, The Jerusalem Question (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1971), p. 93.

15. Department of State Bulletin, 20 July 1953, p. 82, as cited in Henry Cattan, "Jerusalem and the Palestine Question in International Law," Jerusalem: the Key to World Peace (London: Islamic Council of Europe, 1980), p. 223.

19. Article VIII, paragraph 2, of the 1949 Armistice Agreement between Israel and Jordan provides for the formation of a special committee composed of a representative from Israel and one from Jordan to oversee "free movement of traffic on vital roads, including the Bethlehem and Latrun-Jerusalem roads; resumption of the normal functioning of the cultural and humanitarian institutions on Mount Scopus and free access thereto; free access to the Holy Places and cultural institutions and use of the Cemetery on the Mount of Olives; resumption of operation of the Latrun pumping station; provision of electricity for the Old City; and resumption of operation of the railroad to Jerusalem," as cited in "The General Armistice Agreement Between Israel and Jordan,” 42 U.N.T.S., pp. 402-403.

20. Benvenisti, p. 15.

21. Shabtai Teveth, Moshe Dayan, the Soldier, the Man, the Legend (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin Company, 1973), p. 342.

22. "President Johnson, Statement on Principles for Peace, Excerpts, June 19, 1967,” as cited in The Search for Peace in the Middle East, 1967-1979, Report prepared for the Subcommittee on Europe and the Middle East of the House Committee on Foreign Affairs. 96th Cong., 1st sess., 1979 (hereafter HFAC), p. 287.

23. "Law of Israel Concerning Protection of the Holy Places, June 27, 1967,” as cited in Moore, pp. 1064-1065.

24. George L. Spectre, Whose Jerusalem? (Washington, D.C.: B'nai B'rith International Council, 1979), p. 19.

25. "Municipalities Ordinance (Amendment No. 6) Law, June 27, 1967," and "Law and Administration Ordinance (Amendment No. 11) Law, June 27, 1967," as cited in HFAC, p. 183.

28. "General Assembly Resolution 2253, July 4, 1967," and "General Assembly Resolution 2254, July 14, 1967," as cited in HFAC, pp. 91, 92. (emphasis added)

29. "Ambassador Arthur J. Goldberg, Statement Before the U.N. General Assembly, Excerpts, July 14, 1967," as cited in HFAC, p. 291.

30. Ambassador Arthur J. Goldberg, "Letter to the Editor," New York Times, 12 March 1980.

31. "Statement by Ambassador Charles W. Yost, United States Representative to the U.N. at the Security Council on the situation in Jerusalem, July 1, 1969," as cited in Moore, pp. 1098-1099.

32. "Secretary of State William P. Rogers, Statement on Peace in the Middle East, Excerpts, December 9, 1969," as cited in HFAC, pp. 292-297.

33. "Ambassador William W. Scranton, statements on occupied territories, before the United Nations Security Council, Excerpts, March 23, 1976," as cited in HFAC, p. 310.

34. "Camp David frameworks for peace, September 17, 1978, Letters on Jerusalem, as cited in HFAC, p. 27.

35. For full text see New York Times, 5 March 1980.

36. From the testimony of Secretary of State Cyrus R. Vance before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, March 20, 1980, in Hearing Before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, "The Examination of the Current Status of U.S. Policy with Regard to the Middle East, March 20, 1980" (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1980), p. 13.

37. Washington Post, 2 September 1982.

38. Jerusalem Post, 18 August 1983. Talking points which were presented to all parties as part of the Reagan Plan also called for the Arabs in east Jerusalem to vote with those of the "West Bank" regarding autonomy proposals. New York Times, 9 September 1982.

39. Gregory Nokes, "President Reagan's statement that he favors an undivided Jerusalem," Associated Press, 20 November 1981.

40. Ibid.

41. Spectre, p. 28.

42. Ibid.

43. Christian Science Monitor, 26 October 1977.

44. Wolf Blitzer, "Consul in Jerusalem, reportedly anti-Israel must clear with Lewis," The Jewish Week-American Examiner, 3 August 1980, p. 4.

45. Associated Press, 14 February 1979.

46. Based on an account provided by David Aaron, Deputy National Security Adviser to the President, who accompanied Mondale, and on a report in the Associated Press, 14 February 1979.

47. "U.S. Aide Quits Israel as Dispute Blocks Talks," New York Times, 6 June 1983.

48. Blitzer, p. 4.

49. The traditional rivalry between the embassy and the consulate came to a head in June 1980, following a confrontation between Ambassador Lewis and Thomas Wukitsch, a U.S. consular official in Jerusalem, after a lecture Wukitsch gave to a delegation of visiting congressmen about U.S. policy toward "West Bank" settlements. Congressman Lester Wolff (D-NY), a member of the House Foreign Affairs Committee who had been present at the confrontation, threatened upon his return to the U.S., to initiate legislation to cut off funding to the Jerusalem consulate. In an effort to dissuade Wolff, Saunders sent Wolff an outline of a five point program meant to ease tensions between the Tel Aviv embassy and the consulate in Jerusalem. The program included steps which would require: 1) the ambassador and the consul to work together and meet more "frequently"; 2) embassy and consular staff to consult each month more often and to meet twice a month; 3) the consulate to send its cables concurrently to Washington and Tel Aviv; 4) the Director of Arab-Israeli and Israeli Affairs at the State Department to directly oversee both the embassy and the consulate; and, 5) the State Department to follow consulate-embassy relations very closely in the future to ensure that both missions articulate the same policy with respect to the Palestinians on the "West Bank" or to Israel in Jerusalem. Ibid.

p. 63.

50. Yael Guiladi, One Jerusalem (Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House, 1983), 51. Saul B. Cohen, Jerusalem—Bridging the Four Walls (New York: Herzl Press, 1977), p. 41.

52. Nadav Safran, From War to War (New York: Pegasus, 1969), p. 368. 53. Teveth, p. 342.

54. "Israel Law on Jerusalem, July 29, 1980," as cited in Documents and Statements on Middle East Peace, 1979-1982, Report prepared for the Subcommittee on Europe and the Middle East of the House Committee on Foreign Affairs. 97th Cong., 2nd sess., 1982, p. 89.

55. Jerusalem Post, 18 November 1983.

56. Benvenisti, p. 27.

57. Ibid., pp. 60-61.

58. Spectre, p. 15.

59. Daily Telegraph, 8 September 1980.

60. Department of State Bulletin, 23 September 1974.

61. The exact text of the Harris 1980 Poll is as follows: POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS

ABOUT THE FUTURE OF JERUSALEM

Now let me ask you about some solutions which have been suggested about the future of Jerusalem, which is now the capital of Israel and is controlled by Israel, although it is open to all Christian and Arab visitors. Do you favor or oppose (read each item)?

62. The exact text of the 1981 Yankelovitch Poll is as follows:

Do you think Israel has the right to make Jerusalem the capital of Israel?

65. "Mondale: Truth and Illusion," Near East Report, 23 September 1983, P. 160. Presidential contenders Senators Ernest Hollings (D-SC) and Alan Cranston (D-CA) have also called for the transfer of the embassy to Jerusalem.

66. Republican Party Platform 1980.

67. Democratic Party Platform 1980.

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Benvenisti, Meron. Jerusalem, the Torn City. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1976.

Berry, John A. “The Jerusalem Question: Cutting the Gordian Knot.” Parameters, v. 10, June 1980, pp. 33-43.

Blum, Yehuda Zvi. The Juridical Status of Jerusalem. Jerusalem Papers on Peace Problems, no. 2, 1974.

Bovis, H. Eugene. The Jerusalem Question. Stanford University: Hoover Institution Press, 1971.

Caradon, Lord (Sir Hugh Foot). The Future of Jerusalem: A Review of Proposals for the Future of the City. Washington, D.C.: National Defense University, 1980. Cattan, Henry. "Jerusalem and the Palestine Question in International Law." in Jerusalem: The Key to World Peace. London: Islamic Council of Europe, 1980, , PP. 211-257.

Cohen, Saul B. Jerusalem Bridging the Four Walls. New York: Herzl Press, 1977. Documents and Statements on Middle East Peace, 1979-82. Report prepared for the Subcommittee on Europe and the Middle East of the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, 97th Cong., 2nd sess., 1982.

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Gerson, Allen. Israel, the West Bank and International Law. London: Frank Cass and Company, Ltd., 1978.

Gruhin, Mark L. "Jerusalem: Legal and Political Dimensions in a Search for Peace." Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, v. 12, Winter 1980, pp. 169-213.

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"America's Jerusalem Policy, 1948." Forum of the Jewish People, Zionism and Israel. no. 45, Summer 1982, pp. 99-109.

Kletter, Larry. "The Sovereignty of Jerusalem in International Law." Columbia Journal of International Law, v. 20, no. 2, 1981, pp. 319-363.

Kollek, Teddy. "Jerusalem." Foreign Affairs, v. 55, July 1977. pp. 701-716.

"Jerusalem: Present and Future." Foreign Affairs, v. 59, Summer 1041-1049.