BOOK V. epistles from Paul, the apostle. A few days before the young king of Sweden, who had gone to CHAP. II. concert the measures of the armed neutrality,, left Petersburgh, the emperor gave a tournament, a 1801. diversion of which he was very fond, and in which he performed personally as a combatant. In the evening, while the glass was in circulation with Russian briskness, a dispatch was received from Bonaparte, together with several caricatures, said to be published in England, in which Paul was represented as a lunatic. The conversation turned on the military successes of his new French friends; the projects formed by the northern confederacy to humble the pride of England, and the invincible prowess which the emperor had displayed all day long in the tournament. His majesty, fired with the spirit of chivalry, immediately resolved to send a defiance to all the potentates of Europe. The court gazette of St. Petersburgh (December 30, 1800) contained the following:"It is said that his majesty, the emperor, seeing that the powers of Europe cannot agree, and wishing to terminate a war which has raged eleven years, intends to propose a place, where he will invite all other potentates, to fight with them in barriers closed up: for which purpose they are to bring with them their most enlightened ministers and most skilful generals, as squires, umpires, and heralds; such as Thugut, Pitt, and Bernstoff. He himself intends to have with him Count Vander Pahlin and Count Kutusoff. It is not known whether this rumour is to be depended upon : meanwhile, it does not seem to be altogether without foundation, as it bears the mark of what has often been imputed to him."

The new emperor, Alexander, proclaimed on the day succeeding the night of his father's death, declared for the laws and system of his august grand-mother. It was among the first acts of his reign, to give orders that the British sailors and masters, who had been taken from the several British ships, in a state of sequestration, and sent to various towns throughout the Russian dominions, should be set at liberty and carefully conducted to the several ports from whence they were taken. All prohibitions against the exportation of corn were removed; and the exportation of all kinds of grain was permitted.

Baron Lisakewitch, the emperor's minister at Denmark, having notified these events to Admiral Parker, the latter immediately returned to Kioge Bay, on purpose to await the orders of his court, in consequence of these interesting changes; and, in the mean time, the benefits of the armistice were extended to the court of Stockholm.

However, Vice-admiral Lord Nelson, (who succeeded soon after to the command), intimated to

Vice-admiral Cronstadt, May 19," that he was not directed to abstain from hostilities, should he meet the Swedish fleet at sea." In the course of a few days though, a proclamation was published at Stockholm, by which the king made known, "that his allies having resumed their former commercial intercourse with England, and the commander of the British fleet having solemnly declared, that the Swedish merchant vessels should not be molested in the Baltic or the Cattegat, he deemed himself no longer bound to persevere in a resolution which, at present, would merely tend to impede the navigation and commerce between his subjects and those of his Britannic majesty.

The Danish troops now evacuated Hamburgh; the free navigation of the Elbe, Weser, and Ems was restored; and the court of Berlin gave assurances that, after certain arrangements should be made for the quiet of Germany, the Prussian troops should evacuate Bremen and Hanover.

The termination of hostilities between Great Britain and Denmark was attended with some pleasing and affecting circumstances, such as might be expected in a reconciliation of friends. The honorable Colonel Stuart, who commanded the military on board the British fleet, and whose gallantry was greatly praised by Lord Nelson, after an armistice was agreed on, brought over a letter from the Prince of Denmark to the King of England, his uncle. When the embargo, that had been laid on the Danish ships in the British ports, was, in consequence of the pacification, taken off, the expence of both laying it on and taking it off was defrayed out of the English treasury. This mild and liberal proceeding gave general satisfaction not only to the government and people of Denmark, but also to the British.

Soon after, Lord St. Helens arrived at the court of St. Petersburgh, in quality of ministerplenipotentiary from England: and by a convention, signed June 17, the emperor, on one hand, allowed the right of search, under certain restrictions, by ships of war, but not by privateers; while, on the other, the raw or manufactured commodities of the countries engaged in war might be purchased and carried away by the neutral powers; however, by a subsequent explanatory declaration, the commerce between the mother-country and the colonies was expressly excluded from the benefits of this arrangement.

Thus Great Britain, partly by the sudden demise of the Emperor Paul, and partly by a sacrifice of some of her pretensions, effectually baffled the efforts of a confederacy, which aimed at the decrease of her maritime greatness, and threatened her with a new and disastrous war.

BOOK V. dependence-this nation ought to recollect the many honorable facts recorded in its history!

CHAP. III.

1801.

"Portuguese! we will still preserve the courage and the sentiments of honor transmitted to us by our ancestors. Justice is on our side: the true God, propitious to our cause, will punish, by means of our arms, the injuries committed by our enemies; he will crown with glory our generals and our legitimate sovereign, while our zeal, the equity of our cause, and the remembrance of our exploits, will secure us victory."

The Prince of Peace, (Duke of Alcudia,) having been declared generalissimo of the Spanish forces, to the amount of 35,000 men, immediately entered Portugal, and in the course of fifty days overran that country, though in one of his dispatches, he allowed his troops to have been “illclothed, ill-fed, and ill-supplied with ammunition and accoutrements." Having penetrated by two different routs into Alentejo, May 20, he obtained possession of Campo-Major and all the fortified places in that extensive province, compelled the enemy to retire beyond the Tagus, and transmitted eleven standards to Madrid. Immediately after these exploits, June 6, the prince regent, who had only received a subsidy of 300,000l. from England, was obliged to consent to a treaty of peace, consisting of the following articles:

Art. 1. "That there shall be peace, amity, and good understanding between his Catholic majesty, the King of Spain, and the Prince Regent of Portugal and Algarve, as well by sea as land, through the whole extent of their kingdoms and possessions; and all captures which shall be made by sea, after the ratification of the present treaty, shall be faithfully restored, with all their goods and effects, or their respective value paid.

2. "His royal highness will shut the ports of his whole territories against the ships of Great Britain in general.

3. "His Catholic majesty will restore to his royal highness the fortresses and places Garumena, Aronches, Portalegri, Castel Davide, Barbaamar, Campo-Major, and Ouguela, and all the territories hitherto conquered by his arms, or which may hereafter be conquered, with all their artillery, fire-arms, or other warlike stores, and in the same condition in which they were surrendered to him; and his Catholic majesty will take, as a conquest, the fortress of Olivenza, with its territory and inhabitants, from the Guadiana, and unite the same for ever to his own territory and subjects, as that river above-mentioned shall be the boundary of the respective kingdoms on that part.

4. His royal highness the Prince Regent of Portugal and Algarva will not permit any depôts of prohibited and contraband goods, which may be prejudicial to the interests of the crown of

Spain, to be formed on the frontiers of his kingdom, exclusive of such as appertain to the revenues of the crown of Portugal, or are necessary for the consumption of the respective territories in which they are established; and if this, or any other article, shall not be maintained, the treaty, which is now concluded between the three powers, including the interchangeable guarantee, shall be null and void, as is expressed in the articles of the present treaty.

5. "His royal highness will immediately repair and make good all damages or injuries which the subjects of his Catholic majesty may have sustained during the present war from the ships of Great Britain, or the subjects of the court of Portugal, and for which they can rightfully claim indemnification; and, in like manner, his Catholic majesty engages to make suitable satisfaction for all captures which may have been made by the Spaniards before the present war, in violation of, or within cannon-shot of, the Portuguese territory.

6. Within the space of three months, reckoning from the ratification of the present treaty, his royal highness will pay to the treasury of his Catholic majesty the expenses left unpaid when they withdrew from the war with France, and which were occasioned by the same, according to the estimate given in by the ambassador of his Catholic majesty, or which may be given in anew; with the exception, however, of any error that may be found in the said estimate.

7. "As soon as the present treaty shall be signed, all hostilities shall cease, on both sides, within twenty-four hours, without any contributions or requisitions being laid, after that time, on any of the conquered places, except such as may be allowed to friendly troops in time of peace; and as soon as this treaty shall be ratified, the Spanish troops shall leave the Portuguese territory within six days, and shall begin their march within six hours after receiving notice, without offering any violence or injury to the inhabitants in their way; and they shall pay for whatever may be necessary for them, according to the current price of the country.

8. "All prisoners who may have been taken by sea or land, shall, within fifteen days after the ratification of the present treaty, be set at liberty and delivered up on both sides; and, at the same time, all debts which they may have contracted during their imprisonment, shall be paid. The sick and wounded shall remain in the respective hospitals, there to be taken care of, and in like manner delivered up, as soon as they shall be able to begin their march.

9. "His Catholic majesty engages to guarantee to his royal highness the Prince Regent of Portugal the entire possession of all his states, without the least exception or reserve.

10.“ The two high contracting parties engage to renew the treaty of defensive alliance which existed between the two monarchies, but with such clauses and alterations as the connections entered into by the Spanish monarchy with the French republic may demand; and in the same treaty shall be regulated what aid shall be maturely afforded, should necessity require.

11. "The present treaty shall be ratified within ten days after it is signed, or sooner if possible. In witness of this, we, the undersigned ministers plenipotentiary, have subscribed the present treaty with our own hands, and sealed it with our arms. "The PRINCE OF PEACE. "LOUIS PINTO DI Souza.".

Done at Badajoz, June 6, 1801.

Humiliating as these articles were, to which the prince regent was obliged to accede, still Portugal was far from being in a tranquil state; the concessions having been made to his Catholic majesty alone, afforded cause of suspicion to France, and as the pacification did not appear in exact conformity with the wishes of the consular government, General St. Cyr, who had been invested with the character of ambassador to the court of Madrid, was immediately placed at the head of 20,000 troops. The French general immediately entered Portugal, and invested the fortress of Almeida, within thirty leagues of the capital. As Portugal, in her exhausted state, could make no resistance, the English subsidy having been unaccompanied by a body of troops, long expected, and no doubt originally intended to have been sent, the court of Lisbon became alarmed for its safety. This event produced another humiliating treaty between the French republic and the kingdom of Portugal, signed at Madrid, September 29, by Lucien Bonaparte, in the name of the French people, and his excellency Cyprian Bibeiro Freire, member of this royal highness's council, and minister plenipotentiary to his Catholic majesty.

4

By this treaty, highly favorable to France, it was agreed, in like manner, that prisoners of war should be given up on both sides, and the political relations between the two powers re-established on the same footing as before the war. Portugal engaged that all her ports and harbours should be immediately shut to all English ships of war and merchantmen, and so remain till peace between France and England; and that the same ports and harbours should be open to all ships of war or merchantmen belonging to France or her allies. She also engaged not to furnish, during the present war, the enemies of the French republic or its allies, with any aid in troops, ships, arms, ammunition, provisions, or money. The limits of the republic in Guiana were extended, on conditions that the Indians of the two Guianas,

1801.

who, in the course of the war, might have been BOOK V. taken from their habitations, should be respectively restored; and that the citizens or subjects CRAP. IH. of the two powers, who might find themselves comprehended in the new-determined limits, might reciprocally retire into the possessions of their respective states: and that they should have power, also, to dispose of their property during the space of two years. In order to fix the commercial relations between France and Portugal, it was agreed,

1st. That the communications shall be reestablished immediately after the exchange of the ratifications, and that the agencies and commissaries of commerce shall be put in possession of the rights, immunities, and prerogatives which they enjoyed before the war.

2d. "That the citizens and subjects of the two powers shall equally and respectively enjoy, in the states of both, all the rights which are enjoyed by the subjects of the most favored nations.

3d. That the articles of trade and commerce, the produce of the soil or manufactories of each of the two states, shall be reciprocally admitted without restriction, and without their being subjected to any duty which shall not bear equally upon analogous articles imported by other nations.

4th."That the French cloths may be immediately introduced into Portugal, on the footing of the most favored merchandises.

5th." All stipulations, in regard to commerce, inserted in preceding treaties, and not contrary to the present treaty, shall be provisionally continued until the conclusion of a definitive treaty.”

Thus the French dominions in South America -was extended from the Atlantic Ocean to the river of the Amazons; and the foundation of a vast empire was silently and secretly laid, under the specious colour and pretext of ascertaining a disputed boundary.

The English ministry, apprehending that the island of Madeira might be also delivered up to an insatiable enemy, very wisely sent a squadron thither, with a small body of land-forces under Colonel Clinton; and that officer, on the very day a landing was effected, obtained possession of the forts which commanded the bay of Fonchiale.

In the mean time, such of the states of Europe as had not made peace with the French republic, being bereaved of support in consequence of the treaty of Luneville, were eager to solicit the consul's clemency. The treaty by which the King of Naples purchased his safety, and prevented the re-establishment of the Parthenopean republic, was exceedingly humiliating; he agreed to shut the ports of Naples and Sicily against the ships of war of Great Britain and Turkey; he renounced Porto Longone, with all his possessions in the isle of Elba, the presidial states in Tuscany, and

BOOK V. the principality of Piombino. But what must have been far more disagreeable to this prince, CHAP. III. he not only stipulated, by a specific article, to pay the sum of five hundred thousand livres, by way of indemnification for the lives lost, and the

1801.

damages sustained during the late disorders in the kingdom of Naples, but he also agreed to permit all those who had been either imprisoned or banished, on account of their political opinions, to be liberated, and return to their native country.

NOTHING gave the French army more general disgust than the attempts made by their new commander, Menou, to tarnish the glory of their late general, Kleber, who was adored by the soldiers, even more than Bonaparte; they did not forget his conduct with respect to the latter, when left by him without money or resources necessary in a foreign country. Kleber loved the service he was engaged in, and would not venture its disgrace by checking his men's spirits; he, therefore, hushed the feelings of his own breast to stifle those of his army; this reflected lustre on his name, and the army did not forget it. They abhorred the meanness of Menou, who endeavoured, in many ways, to cast disgrace on the memory of him whom he had succeeded.

Menou, who had been confirmed in the command by the French consul, having married a native, had assumed the name of Abdallah, and acted (as already intimated) in exact conformity to the customs of the country. He was alike unpopular both with the men and the generals; his conduct having given dissatisfaction to those who were his equals in military science. He displaced General Dumas without any reason; Dumas wrote to Menou, expressing his astonishment and ignorance of what cause he had given; and said he should wait for dispatches from government, unless he had charges for a court-martial; no answer was returned, and Menou refused to see him. Generals Regnier and Friant waited on Menou, to discourse on the business; the only cause he assigned was, there was an incompatibility in their dispositions; that he could not transact business with General Dumas, and protested on his honor that nothing personal influenced him. Regnier did not press the matter, as Menou very peremptorily offered to resign his command; he begged, however, he would come to an explanation with General Dumas, and either continue him in his station, or remove him to

another command. Dumas, unwilling to create any controversy, retired from the situation of the chief of the staff, and took the command of the two provinces of Benisouef and Fayoum; the general orders announced his departure, and contained praises on his conduct.

Menou wished to form a party, but failed; and, finding that the major part of the army was discontented with him, in hopes of obtaining popularity, he made six new generals of brigade, and filled up the vacancies in the army. Many offcers, wishing to remain in their old corps, refused the promotion, but they were forced to take their new rank. In this, political finesse was his mo tive; for though those he advanced deserved it for their services, yet he thought, by bestowing favors, to remove enmity. He employed spies and tale-bearers on all occasions, in order to ac quire the reputation of an able general, though he had never distinguished himself as a warrior.

The finances of an army like the French, dis tant from their own country, with no passage over-land, and that by sea exposed to certain dangers, were of great importance; money should have been husbanded as precious; but this Menou neglected to do, and another source of difficulty flowed on the army.

When Kleber was assassinated, part of the contribution in money, and the whole of that in merchandize, were unpaid. Menou, however, collected them, with some of the usual territorial imposts. The troops were ordered to be paid regularly, without deduction, and most of the arrears discharged; several causes raised the expenses to seventeen or eighteen hundred thousand franks per month, though all was said to be meant to reduce the expenses of Kleber's administration, which never exceeded thirteen or fourteen hundred thousand franks; another instance of the hostility of Menou towards the memory of Kleber.