interior, antagonisms, 112; Ger-
man settlement, 82, 100; Great
Valley of, 68, 164; land grants,
101; new Pennsylvania of the
Great Valley, 100; Scotch-Irish,
103, 104; settlement of Old West
part, 83
Pennsylvania Dutch, 22, 100, 110
Perrot, Nicolas, 180
Philadelphia, 106; trade, 108
Physiographic provinces, 127
Piedmont, 68; Virginia, 87, 89
Pig iron, 152, 313
Pine, 151
Pine belt in Middle West, 143
Pioneer democracy, lessons learned,
357; Middle West, 335
Pioneer farmers, 21, 206, 257
Pioneers, conservative fears about,
251, 252; contest with capitalist,
325; contrast of conditions, 279;
deeper significance, 338; essence,
271; ideals and the State uni-
versity, 269; Middle West, 146,
154; Ohio Valley, 167; old
ideals, 148; sketch, 19
Pittsburgh, 104, 127, 136, 154–155,
161, 265, 299, 314, 324
Plain people, 256, 267
Political institutions, 243; frontier
Political parties, 249, 324
Polk, J. K., 105, 192, 255
Poor whites, 224
Population center, 222
Populists, 32, 127, 147, 155, 203,
220, 247, 277, 281, 305; Kansas,
238
Prairie Plains, 129
Prairie states, 239
Prairies, 218, 236, 276, 348; settle-
Presbyterians, 105, 106, 109, 164
Presidency, 254; Mississippi Valley
and, 192; Ohio Valley and, 175;
Old Northwest and, 222
Prices, 313
Princeton college, 106
Pritchett, H. S., 282
Privilege, 192; conflict against,
120, 121
Proclamation of 1763, 181
Progressive Republican movement,
321
Prohibitionists, 240
"Proletariat," 285
Property, 210; as basis of suffrage,
249
Prosperity, 281
Salisbury, Mass., 56
Salt, 17; annual pilgrimage to
coast for, 17
Salt springs, 17, 18
Salzburgers, 97
Sandys, Sir Edwin, 301
Sault Ste. Marie Canal, 149
Scalps, Massachusetts bounty for,
45
Scandinavians, 263, 350; Middle
West, 146; Western life, 232-
233, 234
Schools, early difficulties, 107; see
also Public schools
Schurz, Carl, 337
Science, 284, 330-331
Scientific farming, 294
Scotch Highlanders, 104; Georgia,
98
Scotch-Irish, 5, 22, 71; migration
in Great Valley and Piedmont,
103; Pennsylvania, 104; South
Carolina, 97; Virginia, 86, 91-
92
Scotch-Irish Presbyterians, 105,
109, 164
Seaboard cities, 194, 195, 196
Seattle, 298
"Section" of land, 123, 132
Sectionalism, 27, 28, 52, 157, 215,
220, 321
Sections, relation, 159
Self-government, 169, 190, 207, 248,
Self-made man, 219, 318
Servants, 60, 353
Service to the Union, 358
Settlement, community type, 73.
74
Sevier, John, 105, 187
Seward, W. H., 141; on the North-
west, 230; on the slavery issue
in the Mississippi Valley, 199,
200
Shays' Rebellion, 112, 119, 122, 249
Sheffield, 71
Sheldon, George, 58
Shenandoah Valley, 68, 90, 91, 92,
99, 105
Sherman, W. T., 142
Sibley, H. H. (1811-1891), 272,
273, 328
Silver movement, 238, 239, 329
Simsbury, 63
Singletary, Amos, 240
Sioux Indians, 130
Six Nations, 15, 83
Slavery question, 24, 29, 98, 111,
139, 304, 330; compromise move-
ment, 174; democracy and, 256;
expansion, 174; Middle West
and, 139; Mississippi Valley and,
198, 201; Northwest and, 230;
slaves as property, 115; Virginia
and North Carolina, 122
Smith, Major Lawrence, 84
Social control, 277
Social forces, in American history,
311; mode of investigating, 330;
on the Atlantic coast, 295;
political institutions
Social order, Mississippi Valley,
203-204; new,
263
Social reformers, 262-263
Socialism, 246, 277, 307, 321
Society, backwoods, 212; rebirth
of in the West, 205
Soils, 278, 279; search for, 18
Solid South, 217
South, 27, 166, 218; contribution
to settlement of Old Northwest
(Ohio, Indiana, Illinois), 223,
225-226; Ohio Valley and, 174;
solid, 217; transforming forces,
295; West and, 196, 197; see
also Upland South
South Carolina, 174; condition of
antagonism between coast and in-
terior, 116; land system, town-
ships, 96; trade, 108
South Dakota, development, 237
Southeastern Europe, 294, 299, 316
Southerners and the Middle West,
133-134, 135, 138
Southwest, 297
Spain, 167, 181, 246; Mississippi
Valley and, 184, 185
Spangenberg, A. G., 17
Spanish America 181, 182, 295
Spanish frontier, 125
Spanish War, 246
Speculation, 319
Spoils system, 32, 254
Spotswood, Alexander, 22, 88, 90,
91, 113, 247; Mississippi Valley
and, 180
Spotsylvania County, Va., 90
Spreckles, Claus, 265
Squatter-sovereignty, 140
Squatters, 272, 343; doctrines, 273,
328; ideal, 320; Middle West,
137; Ohio Valley, 170; Pennsyl-
vania in 1726, 101
Stark, John, 103-104
State historical societies, 340
State lines, 127
State universities, 221, 354; as safe-
guard of democracy, 286; Michi-
gan, 233; peculiar power, 283-
284; pioneer ideals and, 269, 281
States, checkerboard, 218; frontier
pioneers' demand for statehood,
248; groups, 159; new states vs.
Atlantic States, 207; System of.
168
Staunton, Va., 92
Steam navigation, 7, 135, 171
Steel, 313
Steel and iron industry, 152
Stockbridge, 79
Stoddard, Solomon, 45
Success, 288, 309
Sudbury, 39
Suffrage, 192, 216; basis, 249;
frontier and extension, 30; man-
hood, 250, 352
Superior, Lake, 180, 314; iron
mines, 152
Swedes, 233
Symmes Purchase, 223
Talleyrand, 299
Taney, R. B., 141
Tariff, 25, 27, 170, 172, 197, 216
Taylor, Zachary, 255
Tecumthe, 134, 144
Tennessee, 122, 168, 187, 225, 252,
253; democracy, 192
Tennyson's "Ulysses," 310
Territories, system of, 168, 169
Texas, 168
Thomas, J. B., 174
Tocqueville, A. C. H. C. de, 153,
275, 303, 343
Toledo, Ohio, 231
Toleration, 355
Town meeting, 62
Towns, legislating into existence,
125; locating, Massachusetts, 76;
New England and Virginia, 41;
new settlements in New England,
55; South Carolina, 96; typical
form of establishing in New Eng-
land, 74; Virginia, 85, 86
Trader's frontier, 12; effects fol-
lowing, 12; rapidity of advance,
12, 13
Trading posts, 14
Transportation, 148; Great Lakes,
150
Tryon, William, 106
Tuscarora War, 94, 95
Unification of the West, 215
United States, collection of na-
tions, 158; development since
1890, 311; federal aspect, 159;
fundamental forces, 311; original
contribution to society, 281-282;
wealth, 312
U. S. Steel Corporation, 152-153,
247, 265, 313
Universities, duties, 292; function,
287; influence of university men,
285; need of freedom, 287; pres-
sure of democracies on, 283;
State and, 286; see also State
universities
Upland South, 164; religious spirit,
164, 165
Van Buren, Martin, 254, 326
Van Rensselaer manor, 81
Vandalia, 229
Verendryes, the, 180
Vermont, 69, 72, 77, 78, 111, 122,
Vermonters in Wisconsin and
Michigan, 228
Vicksburg, 201
Vigilance committees, 212
Vinton, S. F., 141, 229
Virginia, 301; early attempt to es-
tablish frontier, 41; Indian wars,
69-70; inequalities, coast VS.
interior, 113; interest in Missis-
sippi Valley, 182; land grants,
91; land grants to societies, 85;
Piedmont, society, 95; Piedmont
portions, 87, 89; settlement in
latter part of 17th century, 83;
slavery, 122; two Virginias in
later 17th century, 94; Western
democracy and, 250
Virginia Convention of 1829-30,
28, 31
Visions, 270, 331, 339-340
Voyageurs, 17
War of 1812, 168, 213
Washington, George, 92, 124; Mis-
sissippi Valley and, 181, 182,
194, 196, 324; Ohio Valley and,
163, 167
Wealth, 213-214, 219, 288, 319;
democracy versus, 192; in poli-
tics, 173; United States, 312
Wells (town), 47
"Welsh tract," 97
Wentworth, Benning, 77
West, American ideals and, 290;
beginning of, 6; center of in-
terest, 327; constructive force,
206; contributions to democracy,
243; factor in American history,
1, 3; ideals, 209, 214, 267; in-
definiteness of term, 126; insur-
gent voice, 319; main streams of
settlement, 215; mark of New
England, 36; phase of division,
216-217; population, 35; prob-
lem of, 205; South and, 196,
197; war ings against, 208, 209;
Middle West; see also Old West;
Old Northwest
West Virginia, 114
Westchester County, N. Y., 81
Western life, dominant forces, 222
Western Reserve, 124, 133
Western spirit, 310
"Western Waters," 161, 206, 302;
men of freedom and independ-
ence, 183
"Western World," 161, 166, 206,
302; basis of its civilization, 177
Wheat, 329; areas, 149
Whig party, 27, 173, 304, 351
White, Abraham, 240
White, Hugh, 192
Whitman, Walt, 336
Wilderness, 262, 269, 270, 279
Wilkinson, James, 169, 187
Williams, John (1664-1729), 70
Williams, Roger, 262
Windsor, 76
Winthrop, John, 62
Wisconsin, 137, 138, 218, 294, 341;
development and elements, 233-
234; German element, 227, 228,
236; New England element, 228;
settlement, 226, 227
Wood, Abraham, 98
Woodstock, 59
World's fairs, 156
World-politics, 246, 315
Wyoming Valley, 79, 124
Yemassee War, 95
"Young America" doctrine, 140
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