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GREGORY: Administration on the estate of William Gregory, of Chester Co., Pa., was granted Margaret Gregory, Aug. 26, 1755. Who were the Gregorys and what their relationship to the above Cochrans?

WOODSIDE. Who were the parents, brothers, sisters and children of Hannah Cochran, wife of John Woodside, and mother of Archibald Woodside, of Philadelphia, born July 3, 1743? When did Hannah arrive in America, and was she then married?

F. COCHRAN,

251 Furman St., Syracuse, N. Y.

BENJAMIN WEST HENRY, ARTIST, OF LANCASTER, PENNA.-Benjamin West Henry, the youngest son of Hon. William Henry, was born in Lancaster, June 8, 1777, and was named after the distinguished artist Benjamin West, who in his early years had been aided and encouraged by the elder Henry in his art studies. Young Henry was educated in private schools and Franklin College, but who gave him instructions in painting is not definitely known. Letters from West contain inquires concerning the progress of his namesake, and inviting him to visit him in London. But very few of Henry's paintings have been discovered, but his portrait of his elder brother, Judge William Henry Jr., of Northampton Co., is owned by the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, as are the portraits of his father and mother, by Benjamin West. In November of 1797, he was made a Mason in Lodge No. 43 of Lancaster; elected Junior Warden December, 1798; Senior Warden, June, 1799, and served until June, 1802, when he was chosen Worshipful Master. On the completion of the new Masonic Hall in 1798, he was authorized to paint a symbolical floor cloth for the furnishing of the Lodge room at an expense of £11.5.10. Mr. Henry was married to Miss Catherine Hofnagle by Rev. Elisha Rigg, rector of St. James P. E. Church, and at his early death, December 26, 1806, was survived by his widow, one son and two daughters. Information is desired of other paintings by this artist.

Lancaster, Pa.

Replies.

GEORGE STEINMAN.

COL. JOSEPH BALL, OF VIRGINIA (Pa. Mag. xxxvi, 218), married for his second wife Mrs. Mary Johnson after February 7, 1707? This is proven by the statement in "Virginia Genealogies," page 57, that on that date Col Ball executed a deed of certain property to his children in which deed he used this language "at this date I have no wife." This is more positive proof than the absence of the wife's signature to the deed? It is fortunate that so much exists to prove that Mary Washington was not born before 1707/8, as so many writers have placed her birth in 1706, when her father was a widower, thus casting a shadow over her birth? Had the author of "Virginia Genealogies" known that such errors would continue after his published proof, he would have published in full the deed of Feb. 7, 1707, which is recorded in the Lancaster Co. Deed books. Mary Washington could not have been born before the latter part of 1707 or the first part of 1708. The discovery of the will of her mother also disposed of the error of "Marian Harlan" who in her book gives Mary Washington a sister Susan, who is not referred to in any records of the family and whose name does not occur in Col. Joseph Ball's will or in Mary Hewes' will. VIRGINIA GENEALOGIES.

Book Notices.

THOMAS FAMILY (1575-1912).-Mr. Richard H. Spencer, of the Maryland Historical Society, has ready for publication eleven generations of the Thomas Family of Talbot County, Maryland. After giving the line of descent from Tristram Thomas, of England, (1575-1640), with notices

of him, his son and also his grandson, the pedigree will more particularly contain the names, dates of births, marriages and deaths of the descendants of his great-grandson William Thomas (1669–1740) of Talbot County, Md. The appendix will contain the history, before they came to this country, of different families into which the Thomases have married during the past two hundred years, viz.: DeCourcy, Riddell, Martin, Goldsborough, Leeds, Leigh, Dall, Bringier, Dickinson, Francis, Kerr, Markoe, Trippe, Ridgely, and three other families Lowe, Hemsley and Spencer to whom they were related or closely connected.

The edition will be limited to 80 copies, bound in green cloth, with the coat of arms of this branch of the Thomas Family. Price $3.00 per copy, postpaid.

THE PENNSYLVANIA ACADEMY OF THE FINE ARTS AND OTHER COLLECTIONS OF PHILADELPHIA.-By Helen W. Henderson, Boston. L. C. Page & Co., 1911. 8vo., pp. 383. Illustrated. Price $3.00.

The scope of this volume is limited to the more important of the public collections in Philadelphia, with particular stress upon the historic portraits, in which they are extremely rich. Philadelphia was the first American city to found an academy devoted to the fine arts, a movement which antedated the formation of the National Gallery, of London, by nineteen years. The two earliest exhibitions of pictures in this country were both held in Philadelphia, in the old State House. The first was a collection of paintings by Robert Edge Pine; the second was a general exhibition of paintings, held in the Senate Chamber of Independence Hall, under the auspices of the Columbianum or American Academy of Painting, Sculpture, Architecture etc., established in Philadelphia in 1795. The city claims, also, the distinction of having been the birthplace of art in this country, for here was born in 1720, James Claypoole, the first native American painter of whom we know, and in 1756, William Rush, the first native born sculptor. Still earlier, in 1711, Gustavus Hesselius had come to Philadelphia from London, and to him was given the first public art commission in this country.

Aside from the old portraits in the possession of individuals, there are few institutions in the city not owning one or more interesting portraits. Among these institutions may be mentioned the American Philosophical Society; The Library Company of Philadelphia; Carpenter's Hall; the State House; the Historical Society of Pennsylvania; the Mercantile Library; the University of Pennsylvania; the Musical Fund Society; the College of Physicians; the Pennsylvania Hospital; the United States Mint; the Pennsylvania Museum with the Wilstach Collection. Following the historical sketch of the Academy of Fine Arts and its Early Exhibitions, are chapters on West, and Allston, Matthew Pratt, the Peales, and Gilbert Stuart, and some account of the private collections of Temple, Gibson, Phillips and others. The chapter devoted to the art collection of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, which is rich in its examples of Hesselius, Lily, Lawrence, Gardner, West, Stuart, Copley, Peale, Elouis, Duché, Pine, Trumbull, Sharpless, Wertmuller, Eichholtz, Inman, Neagle, Wright and others, is of special interest to its members. Miss Henderson is entitled to high commendation for her researches and the artistic setting with which she surrounds them. The volume is profusely illustrated and is an attractive specimen of bookmaking.

THE NEW HISTORY, by James Harvey Robinson, The Macmillan Company, New York, 1912, 266 pages.

This interesting little volume is a collection of essays illustrating the modern historical outlook which have appeared before in periodicals. The author has carefully revised them and adjusted them so as to give as much coherence as possible to the collection. As a whole they illustrate each in its particular way, the conception of "the new history."

LEADING AMERICAN INVENTORS.-By George Iles. New York, 1912, 515 Henry Holt & Co., 8vo., 447 pp. Illustrated.

This volume of "Biographies of Leading Americans" a series, edited by W. P. Trent, contains a group of leading American inventors of the past, and the sketches of them include information never before published. The sketch of Benjamin Chew Tilghman, of Philadelphia, who derived paper from wood, so as to create a new basic industry for mankind, and his other inventions is a careful study. Among others are those of John and R. L. Stevens, Robert Fulton, Eli Whitney, Thomas Blanchard, S. F. B. Morse, Charles Goodyear, John Ericsson, Cyrus H. McCormick, C. L. Sholes, Elias Howe, and Ottmar Mergenthaler.

LA BAIE D'HUDSON: EST-ELLE UNE MER LIBRE OU UNE MER FERMÉE? par Thomas Willing Balch: Brussels, 1911, pages 50.

In this monograph the author takes up the question of the legal status of the great sea in the northern part of America that bears the name of Henry Hudson, its discoverer. Mr. Balch first discusses how large parts of the high seas in ancient times were appropriated by various sovereigns; then how the idea of the freedom of the seas gradually arose; then the contest for the freedom of the salt water until it became a well recognized fact. Next he takes up the extent of the territorial sea, and especially its application to bays, and he finds that according to the Law existing between Nations, Hudson's Bay is an open sea. In support of this view he marshals a quantity of authorities: Treaties between States and the opinions of jurists, publicists and political men, especially that of the Briton, Sir Robert Phillimore. This is probably the first time that the question of the legal status of Hudson's Bay has been specifically treated, and it is of timely interest, for it is understood that the Canadian Government is now busy preparing to claim one day Hudson's Bay as a closed sea.

THE HOCHSTETTER FAMILY HISTORY.-The descendants of Jacob Hosftedler (Hochstetter), who landed in Philadelphia, September 1, 1736, and settled in Lancaster County and later in Berks County, are to be congratulated on the publication of their family history. In September of 1757, the family of the emigrant was attacked by the Indians, part massacred and part made prisoners, who suffered many trials and hardships in captivity, and their final escape is given in the introductory chapter. The genealogical sections give all that has been learned of nearly 9000 families of this now widely scattered family, and the illustrations of homesteads, and members of the family. An appendix contains accounts of immigrants of the same family name, and papers of family interest. The book is copiously indexed. Copies in cloth, $2.50, full morocco $3.50, may be had of Harvey Hostetter, Council Bluffs, Iowa.

THE COLLEGE OF HAMPDEN SIDNEY CALENDAR OF BOARD MINUTES 1776-1876. By Alfred J. Morrison, Richmond, Va., 1912, pp. 186, 8vo. Illustrated.

This is a Calendar covering fifty years of the old College and fifty years of the new College of Hampden Sidney, and in it may be found the facts for a century of the management by Trustees of one of the oldest colleges in the country. Very few of these men are now living, but the College exists; no one can say how much, because they gave it their oversight. Thirty portraits of Trustees are interesting additions to the text.

HISTORY OF THE JEWS IN AMERICA. From the Period of the Discovery of the New World to the Present Time. By Peter Wiernik, New York, 1912; 8vo., pp. 449. Illustrated. Jewish Press Publishing Co., New York. Price $1.50.

The chief aim of this work,-the first of its kind in this complete form

being to reach the ordinary reader who is interested in Jewish matters in a general way, original investigations and learned disquisitions were avoided, and it was not deemed advisable to overburden the book with too many notes or to provide a bibliographical apparatus. The plan and scope of the work are self-evident; it was inevitable that a disporportionately large part should be devoted to the United States. Interesting periods had to be passed over briefly, despite the wealth of available material, to keep within the bounds of a single volume, and to be able to carry out the plan of including in the narrative a comprehensive view of the near past and the present. The author has divided his work into seven periods: The Spanish and Portuguese; the Dutch and English Colonial; the Revolution and period of Expansion, including the part the Jews took in the war; the German immigration; the Civil War and the formative period after the war; the Russian immigration; the twentieth century; present conditions with the dispersion of the Jews over the country and their great opportunity here. While the social and political success of the Jews in a country are usually taken as an indication of its liberalism and the equality of its citizens, regardless of creed, the contribution of the Jews to its intellectual and artistic achievements is the best proof that this equality brings its own reward for the general good. The biographical sketches of those who attained distinction in commercial circles, as artists and scientists, and the professions, reflect credit as well on the country of their birth as adoption.

THE NEGRO IN PENNSYLVANIA: SLAVERY SERVITUDE-FREEDOM, 1639-1861. By Edward Raymond Turner, Ph.D., Professor of History in the University of Michigan. Prize Essays of the American Historical Association, Justin Winsor Prize, 1910. Washington, The American Historical Association, 1912. 12mo, pp. 314.

Beginning with the first appearance of negroes among the Dutch and the Swedes along the Delaware, the author describes the introduction of slavery into Pennsylvania. The legal aspects of slavery there are discussed. Its apparent origin in limited servitude, its divergence therefrom, and the changes which it underwent are fully described, and social and economic conditions are carefully outlined.

The second part of the volume, which deals with free negroes, has afforded the greater opportunity for original contribution. It is shown that the movement upward from slavery was slow and gradual, through the intermediate stage of limited servitude. This gradual rise was continued after the negroes became free; complete legal and political equality not being granted until after the Civil War. It is shown that free negroes made considerable economic progress, and were much helped by zealous Friends and abolitionists, although greatly hampered by increasing race prejudice, and subjected to certain disabilities. There have been no fiercer anti-negro riots than in Philadelphia in the thirties. The volume concludes with chapters on abolitionism and fugitive slaves.

SMUGGLING IN THE AMERICAN COLONIES AT THE OUTBREAK OF THE REVOLUTION, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE WEST INDIES TRADE. By William S. McClellan. David A. Wells Prize Essay, Williams College, 1912. 8vo., pp. 105.

This essay of Mr. McClellan justly distinguishes between the general body of restrictive trade laws constituting the old English Colonial System, and the special protective legislation of 1733 passed in the single interest of the sugar planters of the British West Indies, the famous "Molasses Act." The former, the general restrictive laws, the essayist holds, did not operate as serious actual constraint, since England, the legal beneficiary, was the natural monopolist of the colonial trade; the latter, the "Molasses Act," defied the natural channels of commerce.

As a result of these circumstances, the violations of the general system were probably, the essayist writes, relatively slight and unimportant, but the restrictions on imports from the West Indies were systematically and persistently ignored, producing a condition of smuggling so universal and well-nigh respectable as to raise the question whether the operations of the merchants could properly be designated by that term.

When a reforming British minister, at the end of the French and Indian War, tried to induce the colonists to pay a minor share of the expenses of their own defence, though he reduced the molasses duties by half almost as soon as he tried to collect them, his zeal for fiscal efficiency proved both futile and ill-timed. The spirit of protest against administration surveillance had already been quickened, and now commercial irritation at interference with established courses became blended with repugnance to outside taxation of any sort, and ultimately lost in the larger political issue of the complete realization of the spirit, innate in the colonies, of American independence. Such is the very briefest outline of Mr. McClellan's essay.

THE SUPREME COURT AND THE CONSTITUTION. By Charles A. Beard. The Macmillan Co., New York, 1912. 8vo., pp. 127. Price $1.00 net.

Contents: Attacks upon Judicial control; the Constitutional Convention of 1787 and Judicial control; Judicial control before the ratifying conventions; the spirit of the Constitution; the supporters of the new Constitution; John Marshall and the Fathers; Marbury v. Madison.

This little volume is based upon an article which Prof. Beard published in the Political Science Quarterly in March of the present year. The original text has been considerably enlarged by the addition of new illustrative material, and, in its present form, will attract increased interest of every general reader by the political conditions of the present time.

WELSH FOUNDERS OF PENNSYLVANIA. By Thomas Allen Glenn; 2 vols., Oxford, 1912.

Fifteen years ago Mr. Glenn published, under the title "Merion in the Welsh Tract," an account of the settlement by Welshmen in Merion, Radnor and Haverford, in Pennsylvania. Since then a long residence in Wales has afforded him opportunities of ascertaining the parentage and birthplaces in the Principality of many more of these who, about the close of the seventeenth century, left their native hills to become founders of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. He has also traced the lineage of some of these early colonists, and added much of interest. What has been gathered are presented in the two volumes under notice. Many charts have been prepared, and a glance at these will show how descendants of a number of the Welsh Founders derive their blood from the ancient princely and noble families of Wales, the Plantagenets, and the great ruling families of England. Great care has been exercised in the compilation of the pedigrees, and nothing included which has not first been subjected to a severe critical test. Among the pedigrees of Vol. I: Cadwalader, from documents discovered in Wales, throwing much additional light on the origin of the family; Jones, (Merion); Evans and Morgan, (several families); Davids; Owen; Rees; Lewis; Thomas; Williams; Roberts; Wynne; Edwards; Griffiths; Harry; Tudor; Ellis; Price; Bevan, etc., etc. The birthplaces in Wales and other short particulars covering some 3000 Welsh settlers, 1682 to about 1700, are given in a separate Roll. Another feature of the volume is the pedigree of Hugh Roberts, and parentage of Dr. Edward Jones, of Merion; the Cook family of New England, formerly of Essex. One of the folding charts gives some 500 of the ancestors of Hugh Harry, an early settler in Chester County, and another, those of John and William ap Edward, of Merion, who arrived in 1682, including royal descents.

Volume II contains selections from the genealogical manuscript of the late Charles Roberts, and pedigrees of the Roberts; Evans, (Gwynedd);

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