Railroads. Upwards of 800 miles of railroads have been completed, at a cost of about $35,000,000, and 600 miles more are in course of construction or have been projected.

Manufactures. In 1860, there were 3,348 manufacturing establishments, with a capital of $23,808,226; cost of labor and raw material, $24,370,658; total value of products, $32,658,356; surplus over cost of labor and material, $8,287,698, or nearly 35 per cent. on the working capital invested.

Banks. There were in 1868, 42 National Banks, with a paid up capital of $5,210,010, owning real estate to the amount of $224,874; value of real and personal estate as equalized by the State Board of Equalization for 1866, $307,965,842.

18. MINNESOTA.

Capital, St. Paul. Area, 83,531 square miles. Population, (1867), 400,000.

This State was visited by traders, trappers, and Jesuit Missionaries from Montreal, about 1654. The Upper Mississippi was explored by Louis Hennepin, in 1680. In 1689, a fort was erected by Perrot, Le Sueur, and others, on Lake Pepin, and in 1695, a second fort was established in Minnesota by Le Sueur. In 1766, the territory was explored by Jonathan Carver of Connecticut, who went to England and wrote an account of his explorations. This State formed a part of the original Louisiana territory as purchased from France in 1803. In 1812, a settlement was formed in the Red River country, principally by Scotchmen. Fort Snelling was settled by emigrants from the northern and western States about 1845. Minnesota was organized as a territory, March 31, 1849, and admitted into the Union as a State, February 26, 1857.

The Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of State, Treasurer, and Attorney General are chosen by a plurality vote for two years. The Auditor is elected in the same way, but for three years. The number of Senators is 22, of Representatives 47. Senators are chosen for two years, one-half each year; Representatives are elected annually. The election for State officers and members of the Legislature, is on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November. The Legislature meets on the Tuesday after the first Monday of January. The sessions are annual.

Every male person, twenty-one years of age, of either of the following classes, viz.: White citizens of the United States; white persons of foreign birth, who have duly declared their intention to become citizens; persons of mixed white and Indian blood, and persons of Indian blood residing in the State, who have adopted the language, customs, and habits of civilization, when pronounced capable by any District Court in the State, may vote, $10 per day during session of Legislature. † Also $10 per day during attendance upon Court,

if they have resided in the United States one year, in the State four months, and in the election district ten days next preceding the election.

JUDICIARY.

The judicial power is vested in a Supreme Court, District Courts, Courts of Probate, Justices of the Peace, and such other courts inferior to the Supreme Court as the Legislature may by a two-thirds vote establish. The Supreme Court with original jurisdiction in such remedial cases as are prescribed by law, and appellate jurisdiction in all cases both in law and equity, consists of a Chief Justice and two Associate Justices, elected by the people, to hold office for seven years and until their successors are qualified.

There are no trials by jury in this court. A clerk is chosen for three years. There are six judges of the District Courts elected in single Districts for seven years. A clerk is chosen in each county. The District Courts have original jurisdiction in all cases in law and equity where over $100 is in controversy, and in criminal cases where the punishment may be imprisonment for over three months or a fine of over $100.

UNITED STATES COURTS.

Circuit Judge, Samuel H. Miller.

District Judge, Rensselaer R. Nelson. District Attorney, H. L. Moss. Marshal, Charles Eaton. Clerk of Circuit Court, H. E. Mann.

SUPREME COURT.

Chief Justice, Thomas Wilson, Winona.

Associate Justices, S. J. R. McMillan, St. Paul; John M. Berry, Fairbower, Rice Co. Salaries, $3,000 each. Clerk, Sherwood Hough. Reporter, W. A. Spencer.

DISTRICT COURTS.

Judges.-First District, Charles McClure; Second District, W. Wilkin; Third District, L. Barber; Fourth District, C. E. Vanderburg; Fifth District, N. M. Donaldson; Sixth District, Horace Austin; Seventh District, J. M. McKeloy. Court of Common Pleas, W. S. Hall.

TERMS OF SUPREME COURT.

The Supreme Court holds two sessions annually, at St. Paul, on the first days of July and December.

From 7 per cent. loan of July 1867, for State institution buildings..

From sales and stumpage of school lands..

From sales of United States 10-40 bonds.

From interest on invested school fund..

Revenue from railroads.

Miscellaneous sources..

Balance in treasury.......

Total...

$68,189.93

687,729.98

$755,919.91

704,683.52

51,236.39

$755,919.91

.$100,250.00 .110,227.13

76,000.00

96,110.94

9,373.55

9,312.64

68,189.93

.$755,919.91

Land office fees and expenses locating internal improvement lands.

4,076.12

Of the bonds issued for State purposes there remained outstanding, at the close of the fiscal year, the following:

The act of Congress establishing a territorial government for Minnesota, approved March 2, 1849, provided that sections numbered sixteen and thirtysix in each township, should be reserved for the use of schools. On the adoption of the State constitution, provision was made for the management of the lands, and the fund arising from their sale.

The lands are sold at public auction, and none are sold less than the appraisal, nor less than $5 an acre. This State was entitled to 120,000 acres under the act of 1862, making grants to Agricultural Colleges. The lands have been selected, and it is believed that they can be disposed of so as to make a fund of $500,000.

An appropriation of $15,000, made by the legislature to the State University in 1867, enabled the Board of Regents to open the preparatory department. The Board have also succeeded in relieving the institution of over $100,000 of debt, and saving 30,000 acres of land that was supposed to be lost. The Hamline University at Red Wing has good buildings and is flourishing.

The Superintendent of Public Instruction has the general supervision of the public schools, and reports annually to the legislature. The office had been attached to that of Secretary of State until 1867, when an independent office was created, and a Superintendent was appointed, who entered upon the duties of his office on the 2d day of April, 1867. The results of his labors are already seen in the improved organization and administration of the school system. The law of 1864, provided for the appointment of County Superintendents, but in 1867 only 26 counties had made appointments. The trustees

1869.]

MINNESOTA.

385

of school districts have the immediate charge of the local administration of the school system.

The State Normal School at Winona is prosperous. Since its reorganization in 1864, the numbers in attendance have been constantly increasing. The new building, erected at an expense of about $100,000, has accommodations for 250 in the Normal department, 200 in the Model classes, and 200 in the Practice classes. Nearly one-third of the time of the Normal pupils through the entire course is given to professional training and practice. Two other Normal Schools will be established in the State as soon as the necessary steps have been taken for complying with the provisions of the law.

Twenty-three Teachers' Institutes were held in 1867, in 18 different counties, with an attendance of 772 teachers.

Public Schools. Whole number of organized counties in the State, in 1867, 51; number making school returns, 50. Number of school districts, 2,207; increase for the year, 209. Number of districts reported, 2,035; increase for the year, 254. Whole number of children between 5 and 21 years of age-males, 59,157; females, 55,264; total, 114,421; increase for the year, 12,303. Whole number attending school-males, 35,041; females, 30,766; total, 65,807. Whole number attending winter schools, 44,408; average number, 29,292. Whole number attending summer schools, 47,067; average number, 29,549. Whole number of winter schools, 1,261; whole number of summer schools, 1,324. Whole number of male teachers employed, 749; încrease for the year, 217. Whole number of female teachers employed, 1,836; increase for the year, 211. Average wages of male teachers per month, $34.61; of female teachers, $22.28. Whole amount paid teachers, $254,986.76; increase for the year, $85,840.30. Whole number of school houses in State, 1,406; increase for the year, 109. Value of all the school houses in the State, $746,291; increase for the year, $273,946.71. Whole number of school houses built, 337; cost of the same, $331,219.60. Whole amount received from State school funds, $167,863.50; whole amount received from taxes voted by districts, $225,672.19; increase for the year, $136,651.87. Whole amount expended for school purposes, $736,532.67; increase for the year, $299,221.60.

Private Schools. Whole number of private schools in the State, 50; number of scholars -males, 2,228; females, 2,088; total, 4,316.

Normal School, Winona. WILLIAM F. PHELPS, Principal. Cost of buildings, $100,000. Number of students-males, 13; females, 74; total, 87. In Model Classes-boys, 84; girls, 87; total, 171.

School Lands and School Fund. The number of acres of school land sold from 1862 to Nov. 30, 1867, was 246,129; average price, $6.23 per acre; and aggregate, $1,534,053.94. A considerable amount has been received from other land items than sales.

The securities held by the fund at the close of the fiscal year 1867, were as follows:

State loans of Minnesota

United States Bonds..

Balance due upon lands bearing 7 per cent. interest..
Balance in Treasury..

Total amount of fund, November 30, 1867......

.$309,187.50

.224,825.00 .1,053,035.89 162.39

$1,587,210.78

If the lands remaining are sold at the same rate, the fund if managed with the same care and prudence as in the past, will eventually amount to over $15,000,000.

The income from the permanent fund constitutes the general fund which is annually distributed to the different townships throughout the State, in proportion to the number of scholars in cach between 5 and 21 years of age. The amount distributed in 1867 was $91,906.20, or .90 per capita. The estimated amount for 1868 was $143,026, or $1.25 per capita. The legislature also levies a tax of two mills on the dollar, amounting in 1867 to $116,000, which is collected and disbursed by local officers.

CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS.

The State Charitable Institutions are yet in their infancy, arrangements having been made by the authorities for some years to provide for the un

fortunate classes in the institutions of other States. The Minnesota Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb, and the Blind, located at Faribault, has been removed into a new and commodious building just completed for its use. This building, 80 by 45 feet in extent and four stories in height, was erected of stone, at a cost of $51,600. The grounds comprise 52 acres presented to the State by the citizens of Faribault. The institution is open to all the deaf and dumb and the blind in the State, between the ages of 10 and 25. The department for the blind has only been in operation since 1866, and has as yet but few pupils.

The Hospital for the Insane was established by an act of the Legislature, passed March 2, 1866, and located at St. Peter, in Nicollet County. The grounds comprise 210 acres purchased by citizens of St. Peter, and conveyed to the State for the use of the Hospital. The trustees purchased a building and fitted it up for the accommodation of 50 patients, and afterwards enlarged it, increasing the accommodations so as to provide for 100. Plans for a new building were accepted in 1867, and the work upon it commenced. If completed in accordance with the plan adopted, it will provide ample accommodations for the insane for many years.

The State Prison is reported in excellent condition. A new shop was erected in 1867, at a cost of $9,383.75, new cells were constructed and furnished, and the prison yard was extended. A State Reform School has been established at St. Paul, which is in successful operation.

Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, and the Blind, Faribault. J. L. NOYES, Superintendent. Number in department of Deaf and Dumb in 1867–males, 15; females, 12; total, 27. In department for the blind-males, 2; females, 2; total, 4.

Hospital for Insane, St. Peter. SAMUEL S. SHANTZ, Superintendent. Whole number of patients admitted from opening of hospital December 1866, to December 1867, 97; number discharged, 13; recovered, 10; died, 2; eloped, 1; remaining in hospital, December 1867, 84. Supposed cause of insanity-epilepsy, 6; over work, 6; sunstroke, 3; masturbation, 4; miscella neous, 8; no assigned cause, 69; total, 97. Civil condition-married, 42; single, 47; widowed, 8. Occupation of those admitted-farmers, 20; house-keepers, 36; laborers, 24; domestic servants, 7; no occupation, 3; miscellaneous, 7. Age of those admitted-from 10 to 20, 7; from 20 to 30, 21; from 30 to 40, 31; from 40 to 50, 19; from 50 to 60, 15; from 60 to 90, 4.

State Prison, Stillwater. JOHN S. PROCTOR, Warden. Number of convicts, November 30, 1866, 35; received during the year, 36; total number confined, 71. There have been discharged -on expiration of sentence, 5; pardoned, 20; died, 1; remaining Nov. 30, 1867, 45. Term of sentence of those received during the year-from 1 to 2 years, 16; 2 to 3 years, 10; 3 to 4 years, 5; 4 to 10 years, 4; pleasure of Legislature, 1; total, 36. Age-under 20, 6; between 20 and 30, 19; 30 and 40, 4; 40 and 50, 7. Nativity-United States, 24; foreign countries, 12. Crimeslarceny, 17; desertion from army, 4; theft, 3; burglary, 2; forgery, 2; miscellaneous, 8. Whole number of convicts confined since the organization of the State-white males, 130; colored males, 3; total, 133.

POPULATION, WEALTH AND INDUSTRY.

The population of this State was in 1850, 6,077; in 1860, 172,413, an increase in 10 years of more than 2,760 per cent.; in 1865, the population was 250,000. The immigration in 1867 was 50,000, and the whole population was then estimated at 400,000. The Legislature, in 1867, appropriated $20,000 to promote immigration, and created a Board of Immigration Commissioners, consisting of the Governor, Secretary of State, and one member appointed.