ber will be elected annually. The Seminole Indians are entitled to one member in each branch of the legislature. He must be a member of the tribe, and be elected by the qualified Indian electors.

The sessions of the legislature are annual, and are held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in January. Regular sessions may extend to 60 days, but any special session convened by the Governor cannot exceed 20 days. The pay of members of the Senate and House of Representatives is $500 per annum, each, and ten cents for each mile traveled in going from their residences to the capital and returning.

Every male person of the age of twenty-one years and upwards, of whatever race, color, nationality, or previous condition, who shall, at the time of offering to vote, be a citizen of the United States, or who shall have declared his intention to become such in conformity to the laws of the United States, and who shall have resided in Florida for one year, and in the county for six months, next preceding the election at which he shall offer to vote, shall in such county be deemed a qualified elector at all elections under this Constitution.

The legislature must enact laws requiring educational qualifications for electors after the year 1880, but no such law shall be made applicable to any elector who may have registered or voted at any election previous thereto.

JUDICIARY.

The Judicial power of the state is vested in a Supreme Court, Circuit Courts, County Courts, and Justices of the Peace.

The Supreme Court consists of a Chief Justice and two Associate Justices, who hold their offices for life or during good behavior. They are appointed by the Governor and confirmed by the Senate. The majority of the Justices constitutes a quorum for the transaction of all business. The Supreme Court holds three terms each year at the seat of government; such terms commence on the second Tuesday of October, January, and April, respectively. This Court has appellate jurisdiction in all cases in equity, also in cases of law in which is involved the title to, or right of possession of real estate; in certain other civil cases specified; and in all criminal cases, in which the offences charged amount to felony. It has power to issue writs of mandamus, certiorari, prohibition, quo warranto, habeas corpus, and also all writs necessary or proper to the complete exercise of its appellate jurisdiction. It appoints a Clerk who is also Librarian of the Supreme Court Library.

There are seven Circuit Judges appointed by the governor, and confirmed by the senate, who hold their office for eight years. The state is divided into seven judicial districts, the limits of which are defined in the Constitution, and one judge is assigned to each circuit. Such judge holds two terms of his court in each county within his circuit, each year, at such time and places as shall be prescribed by law. The judge must reside in the circuit to which he is assigned.

The Circuit Courts in the several judicial circuits have original jurisdiction in all cases in which the Supreme Court has appellate jurisdiction.

They have final appellate jurisdiction in all civil cases arising in the County Court in which the amount in controversy is one hundred dollars and upwards, and in all cases of misdemeanor. The Circuit Courts, and the Judges thereof, have power to issue writs of mandamus, injunctions, quo warranto, certiorari, and all other writs proper and necessary to the complete exercise of their jurisdiction, and also to issue writs of habeas corpus on petition by, or on behalf of, any person held in actual custody in their respective circuits. There is a County Court in each county. The Governor appoints the County Judges, who are confirmed by the Senate, and each Judge holds his office for four years from the date of his commission, or until his successor is appointed and qualified. The County Court is a Court of Oyer and Terminer, and has jurisdiction of all misdemeanors and all civil cases, where the amount in controversy does not exceed three hundred dollars, except when the title or boundaries of real estate is in controversy, and its jurisdiction is final in all civil cases where the amount in controversy does not exceed one hundred dollars.

UNITED STATES COURTS.

Circuit Judge, Noah H. Swayne; District Judge--Northern District, Philip Fraser; Southern District, Thomas J. Boynton. District Attorney-Northern District, A. Usher; · Southern District, Homer G. Plantz. Marshal-Northern District, Alexander Magruder; Southern District, George D. West. Clerk of Circuit and District Courts-Northern District, William P. Dockray; Southern District, George D. Allen.

SUPREME COURT.

Chief Justice, Edwin M. Randall, Jacksonville. Associate Justices, James D. Wescott, Tallahassee; O. B. Hart, Jacksonville. Salary of Chief Justice, $4,500; of each Associate Justice, $4,000.

CIRCUIT COURTS.

Judges-First Circuit, Homer G. Plantz,.Pensacola; Second Circuit, William Archer Cocke, Monticello; Third Circuit, Thomas T. Long, Lake City; Fourth Circuit, Alva A. Knight, Jacksonville; Fifth Circuit, Jesse H. Goss, Ocala; Sixth Circuit, James T. Magbee, Tampa; Seventh Circuit, John W. Price, Enterprise. Salary of each Judge, $3,500.

Balance in treasury if revenue was all paid in and warrants paid, 2,616.18 The salaries of executive, legislative and judicial officers amount annually to $105,000. The other general expenditures for 1867, were as follows:

The entire debt of the state at the close of the fiscal year, 1867, was..

.$523,856.95

The constitution asserts the duty of the state to make ample provision for the education of all the children residing within its borders, without distinction or preference.

The legislature is required to provide a uniform system of public schools and a University, and to provide for the liberal maintenance of the same, so that instruction shall be free. The Superintendent of Public Instruction, Secretary of State and Attorney General, constitute the Board of Education.

The Superintendent has the general supervision of all the educational interests of the state. Provision is made for a common school fund, the interest of which shall be exclusively applied to the support and maintenance of common schools, and purchase of libraries and apparatus therefor. This fund is to be derived from the following sources, viz:

The proceeds of all lands that have been or may hereafter be granted to the State by the United States for educational purposes; donations by individuals; appropriations by the state; the proceeds of lands or other property which may accrue to the state by escheat or forfeiture; the proceeds of all property granted to the state, when the purpose of such grant is not specified; all moneys which may be paid as an exemption from military duty; all fines collected under the penal law of the state; such portion of the per capita tax as may be prescribed by law for educational purposes; twentyfive per centum of the sales of Public Lands which are now, or which hereafter may be owned by the state. A special tax of not less than one mill on the dollar of all taxable property in the state, in addition to the other means provided, is to be levied and apportioned annually for the support and maintenance of common schools.

Each county is required to raise annually by tax, for the support of common schools therein, a sum not less than one-half of the amount appointed to each county for that year from the income of the common school fund. Any school district neglecting to establish or maintain for at least three months in each year, such school or schools as may be provided for by law, will forfeit its portion of the common school fund during such neglect.

There are two state seminaries, the East Florida Seminary and the West Florida Seminary which receive appropriations from the state.

CHARITABLE AND PENAL INSTITUTIONS.

The Governor and Cabinet constitute a Board of Commissioners of State Institutions, and this board has supervision of all matters connected with

such institutions. Governor Reed in his message to the legislature in 1868, strongly urges immediate provision for Asylums for the Insane, Blind, Deaf and Dumb, and for a State Penitentiary. He says that,

"Under the present system, the State has really been unable to punish its criminals. To place them in jail, has simply resulted in daily expense without the most remote probability of a payment of fines imposed; the consequence has been that the Governor has found it necessary to exercise the pardoning power to save the State from bankruptcy, and while this course has resulted, no doubt, in saving perhaps considerable sums, yet it has at the same time resulted in releasing the criminal without really adequate punishment for the offence. Crime must be punished or society cannot be maintained."

The expenses of the state for 1867, for criminal prosecutions, was $35,733.05, and for jurors and witnesses, $22,675.54. It is supposed that at least an average of 100 persons per day throughout the year, were supported by the state in idleness under the prison system at a cost of about $19,500 per year.

POPULATION, WEALTH AND INDUSTRY.

The first United States Census taken in Florida was in 1830, the population at that time, and at the close of each decade since was as follows:

The ratio of increase has varied but little; for the first decade it was 56.86 per cent., and for each of the last two decades, a little more than 60.5 per cent. The present population is esti mated at 160,000 to 175,000. Of the free population in 1860, 35,602 were born in the state; 39,768 in other states; 3,309 in foreign countries; of whom 320 were born in England; 827 in Ireland; 189 in Scotland; 6 in Wales; 77 in British America; 478 in Germany; 141 in France, and 1,271 in other foreign countries. The Indians may be taxed, in which case they become citizens of the state, and have all the rights and privileges of other citizens.

Since the close of the war, emigration from the northern states, and from Europe, has been directed to this state. The mildness of the climate, the productiveness of the soil, and the cheapness of land have induced many to invest capital in agriculture or lumbering, which at present are the leading pursuits of the people, and the chief sources of wealth. Cotton, corn, sugar cane, rice and potatoes, are the principal crops. The raising of vegetables and fruits for the northern markets has proved profitable, and will in a few years add materially to the trade and wealth of the state.

Oranges, lemons, and citrons grow well in nearly every part of Florida, and in some localities the fruit is equal to that raised in any part of the world. In the southern part of the state, pine apples, bananas, figs, and dates, grow in luxuriance. Peaches, grapes, and many other fruits of the northern states, can be produced in abundance, and of excellent quality some weeks before they ripen in the latitude of New York and Philadelphia. About 17,500,000 acres of public lands are yet to be disposed of.

In 1860, there were 185 manufacturing establishments, having a capital of $1,874,123, and yielding an annual product valued at $2,447,469. The commerce of the state has not been extensive, but there is a profitable coasting trade. The General Assembly in July and August, 1868, incorporated the Southern Inland Navigation Company, and two Steamboat and Canal companies, all of which have for their object the improvement of inland navigation, also two railroad companies, the aggregate capital of the whole being $1,060,000.

7. GEORGIA.

Capital, Atlanta. Area. 58,000 square miles. Population, (1860), 1,057,286. Georgia was settled at Savannah in 1733, by the English, under General Oglethorpe. It received its charter, June 9, 1732, from George II, from whom it was named. It was the last settled of the original thirteen states, formed its constitution in 1777, and ratified the constitution of the United States, January 2, 1788. It was a member of the late Southern Confederacy, adopted an ordinance of secession, January 19, 1861, which was repealed, October 30, 1865, by a convention which assembled on the 25th of the same month. The same convention repudiated the debt incurred by the rebellion, and adopted a new constitution. This state was included in the 3d military district; Major General Pope and General Meade commanding. The new constitution was adopted in convention, March 11, 1868, and ratified by the people, April 20, 1868. This constitution declares that all persons born or naturalized in the United States, and resident in the state, shall be citizens of the state, and no laws shall be made or enforced which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States, or of this state, or deny to any person within its jurisdiction, the equal protection of its laws.

The Governor is chosen quadrennially for a term of four years, by the electors of the state. The Secretary of State, Comptroller General, Treasurer, and Surveyor General, are elected by the General Assembly for the same period as the Governor.

The Senate consists of 44 members, elected for four years, except that those first elected from the districts having odd numbers, hold their office for two years only; thereafter one-half will be elected biennially.

The House of Representatives consists of 175 members, elected biennially for two years. The election of Governor, members of Congress, and members of the General Assembly takes place on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November. The General Assembly meets annually on the second Wednesday of January, and no session can continue longer than 40 days, unless prolonged by a vote of two-thirds of each branch thereof.

Every male person, born in the United States, and every male person who has been naturalized, or who has legally declared his intention to become a citizen of the United States, twenty-one years old, or upward, who has resided in the State six months, next preceding the election, and has resided thirty days in the county in which he offers to vote, and has paid all taxes which may be required of him for the year next preceding the election, and every male citizen of the United States of the age aforesaid, who was a resident of the State at the time of the adoption of the Constitution, is deemed an