of wool, worsted, the hair of the goat, alpaca, or other animals, 45 cents per pound and in addition thereto 50 per cent. ad valorem.

8. Webbings, gorings, suspenders, braces, beltings, bindings, braids, galloons, fringes, gimps, cords, cords and tassels, dress trimmings, head-nets, any of the foregoing which are elastic or non-elastic, buttons, or barrel buttons, of buttons of other forms for tassels or ornaments, wrought by hand or braided by machinery, made of wool worsted, the hair of the goat, alpaca, or other animals, or of which wool, worsted, the hair of the goat, alpaca, or other animals is a component material, 40 cents per pound and in addition thereto 50 per cent. ad valorem.

9. Aubusson, Axminster, Moquette, and chenille carpets, figured or plain, carpets woven whole for rooms, and all carpets or carpeting of like character or description, 45 cents per square yard and in addition thereto 40 per cent. ad valorem.

10. Saxony, Wilton, and Tournay velvet carpets, figured or plain, and all carpets or carpeting of like character or description, 45 cents per square yard and in addition thereto 40 per cent. ad valorem.

11. Brussels carpets, figured or plain, and all carpets or carpeting of like character or description, 30 cents per square yard and in addition thereto 40 per cent. ad valorom.

12. Patent velvet and tapestry velvet carpets, figured or plain, printed on the warp or otherwise, and all carpets or carpeting of like character or description, 25 cents per square yard, and in addition thereto.40 per cent. ad valorem.

13. Tapestry Brussels carpets, figured or plain, and all carpets or carpeting of like character or description, printed on the warp or otherwise, 20 cents per square yard, and in addition thereto 40 per cent. ad valorem.

14. Treble ingrain, three-ply, and worsted chain Venetian carpets, 12 cents per square yard, and in addition thereto 40 per cent. ad valorem.

15. Yarn Venetian, and two-ply ingrain carpets, 8 cents per square yard, and in addition thereto 40 per cent. ad valorem.

16. Druggets and bockings, printed, colored, or otherwise, 15 cents per square fard, nd in addition thereto 40 per cent. ad valorem.

17. Carpets and carpetings of wool, flax, or cotton, or parts of either, or other materials not otherwise specially enumerated or provided for in this act, 40 per cent. ad valorem. And mats, rugs, screens, covers, hassocks, bedsides, and other portions of carpets or carpetings shall be subjected to the rate of duty herein imposed on carpets or carpetings of like character or description. And the duty on all other mats not exclusively of vegetable material, screens, hassocks, and rugs shall be 40 per cent. ad valorem.

NOTE. The increase of the ad valorem duty on carpets to 40 per cent. ad valorem is insisted upon by the carpet manufacturers. The Mills bill imposed a duty of 40 per cent. on carpets. There appears to us no sound reason why the same ad valorem duty should not be imposed upon carpets as is imposed upon other manufactures of wool. An additional reason for increasing the rate on carpets to 40 per cent. is to be found in the increase of the duty upon carpet wools in the Senate bill as reported October 3, 1888, without any corresponding increase in the specific duty upon carpets. 18. Endless belts or felts for paper or printing-machines, 20 cents per pound and 30 per cent. ad valorem.

Gentlemen of the Finance Committee: The statement which I have read to you in behalf of the National Association of Wool Manufacturers has been dictated by the same policy which has guided the Association since its organization, a period of nearly a quarter of a century.

The representatives of this association have very often appeared before committees of Congress, usually with carefully prepared statements, which have been preserved in published records. These records fail to show that any extravagant or unreasonable demand has ever been made by our association upon Congress, and that more has never been asked for than was absolutely required for the successful prosecution of all the various branches of the woolen industry.

The accuracy and truthfulness of these statements have never, I believe, been successfully assailed. It is, as it has always been, our desire to be moderate in the amount of protection which we ask. We do not ask that unnecessary rates of duty be imposed. We ask and expect no more than is absolutely essential to our industry, and no more than we are justly entitled to receive. Many of our members and fel

low-manufacturers deem what we have asked of you to be insufficient. Representative woolen manufacturers, entitled to the highest consideration and respect, have appeared before me, claiming that much higher rates of duty than we have proposed are essential to their industry. We do not oppose the claims which they have made.

We do not deny that the higher rates of duties asked for by them would operate favorably upon their industries, but after very careful consideration we have decided to ask of you the moderate rates of duty contained in the schedule submitted herewith. We therefore expect that these rates will be granted in full, because they are moderate, because they are needed, and because it is right that they should be granted. It would not be consistent with our dignity as representatives of a great national industry, nor would it be respectful to you, for us to appear here demanding more than we are entitled to or expect to receive.

We trust that the representations we have made to you will appeal to your judgment as being moderate and just, and should such be the case, surely no considerations of political expediency or fear of consequences will prevent you from awarding to us the full measure of what is our due. In the re-adjustment of the tariff we have the right to demand that our industry shall not be sacrificed, imperiled, or injured, because it has been so unjustly and so unfairly attacked by the enemies of the protective system.

We commend to your friendly consideration the statement which we have made and the schedule of rates that we have suggested.

DYE-STUFFS.

STATEMENT OF WILLIAM PICKHARDT.

WASHINGTON, D. C., December 5, 1888.

The CHAIRMAN. Please state your business and where you reside. Mr. PICKHARDT. I reside in New York, and I am a dealer in dyestuffs, chemicals, and colors used in the industrial arts.

The CHAIRMAN. You are not a manufacturer; you are a dealer?

Mr. PICKHARDT. I am not a manufacturer. I have been in this business since 1861.

The CHAIRMAN. In New York City?

Mr. PICKHARDT. In New York City.

The CHAIRMAN. Are you interested in the manufacture anywhere on the other side?

Mr. PICKHARDT. To a small extent I am a shareholder in a corpora tion.

The CHAIRMAN. Where is that?

Mr. PICKHARDT. In Germany.

The CHAIRMAN. Do you manufacture chemicals?

Mr. PICKHARDT. They manufacture dye-stuffs and chemicals.

The CHAIRMAN. What are you to talk to us about; what particular branch? You have seen our bill, I suppose, with reference to chemicals? Mr. PICKHARDT. I have, sir.

The CHAIRMAN. Do you wish to call our attention to any particular thing covered by that bill?

Mr PICKHARDT. Yes, sir. On December 28, 1887, I handed to the Secretary of the Treasury my views on the tariff laws relating to dye.

stuffs, chemicals, and colors, and I also took the liberty to send copies to the Senate. I submit a copy at this time.

The paper is as follows:

NEW YORK, December 28, 1887. SIR: Agreeably to your request, I state herewith in writing my views on the tariff laws relating to dye-stuffs, chemicals, and colors used in the industrial arts.

In the first place, I beg leave to mention that myself and partner have been dealing in the various articles of this branch of business for more than twenty-five years, during which time we have gained an intimate acquaintance with the textile and kindred manufacturing industries of this country.

As is well known, dye-stuffs, chemicals, and colors form a very essential part in the production of cotton and woolen fabrics, and also of paper, and manufactures of paper, and of the various kinds of leather, and these articles augment the cost of the same to a considerable extent.

It is certainly of the greatest importance to the manufacturer of these commodities to produce them at as low a cost as possible, so that he may successfully compete with his foreign competitors; it makes assuredly a great difference to a manufacturer whether he has to run the market risks on the cost of his finished goods to the amount of $100 or on $60; the lighter his running expenses or his bills for necessary outlays are, while he is preparing his products for the markets and before he can expect sales and returns, the better is he able to produce a certain amount or quantity of goods; in other words, the lower the cost of production the less are his risks in the markets, and he can with more safety, obtain capital and is the better able to keep the mills running; such reduction of cost would seem an absolute benefit to both the manu facturing industries as well as to the consumers.

Fortunately, this country produces some staples, namely, cottonwool and some other vegetable fibers, in the articles manufactured from which it need not fear any serious competition.

The various commodities which are made from these staples can be produced in this country at about as low a cost as anywhere in the world, provided the cost is not augmented by taxes on articles which are absolutely necessary to prepare them for the multiplied tastes and necessities of the consumers living in different sections of the country.

These manufacturing industries, which are, as is well known, immensely extensive and of vast importance, should be fostered as much as possible; they should most assuredly not be hampered or burdened and consequently made risky by the imposition of taxes (to be paid in advance by the manufacturer) on the materials which they need for their successful production.

The domestic competition in these manufactures is great and so much so that some old establishments have been compelled to stop operation and others to liquidate; the profits to these manufacturers are generally small, and in order to obtain any, the utmost economy and close intelligent application are absolutely required.

The remarks I have made above apply equally to the manufacture of wool and leather fabrics, except as regards the staples-sheepswool, and some other animal fibers, skins, and hides.

It is well known that the textile and kindred manufacturing industries in Europe obtain the materials which are required for the successful production of the finished products free from taxes. In some instances light taxes are imposed, but the prevailing policy is that the manufacturing industries should not be burdened or hampered, but on the contrary should have free scope for development. The thorough adoption of such a policy in this country would seem to be beneficial, and in a high degree, to all its people.

Under such considerations all dye-stuffs, chemicals, colors, mordants, and assistants, used in the industrial arts ought to be free from taxation, or, where an exception should be deemed politic, the tax should in all cases be very light.

For many years such was the policy in this country, and it still prevails to a certain extent, but it has been carried out in late years very imperfectly. Within the last quarter of a century very great improvements and inventions have been made in the production and use of dye stuffs and colors, and our present tariff laws ought to be amended or framed in conformity with the present state of the arts and the needs of the great industries of this country.

The principle that home industries should be fostered underlies the tariff legislation of this country. Prior to the year 1860 almost all dye-stuffs and colors used by our manufacturers were of vegetable origin, and in a more or less natural or crude state, with probably one exception, namely, artificial ultramarine blue.

When the old tariff laws are examined it will be found that there were enumerated on the free list such articles as dyeing or tanning, articles in a crude state used in dyeing or tanning; dyewoods, barks, indigo, cochineal; madder and munjeet; laç

dye; safflower; sumac; cudbear; lichens and mosses; nut-galls; cutch or cattichu divi-divi; and probably some others.

As the state of the arts advanced and improvements were made therein, the tariff laws were amended to meet such improvements, and there will be found in the various revisions of the tariff laws many new dye-stuffs, either as additions to the free list or enumerated at very low rates of duty, notably extracts, such as extracts or preparations of madder, called garancine, alizarine, etc.; extracts of safflower, called safflower carmine; extracts of lichens, called archill or orchill; extracts of dyewoods and barks, etc.

To these were added, with the developments in the arts, some artificial dyes and also mordants which were generally and largely used in the manufacture of such cotton fabrics as calico prints, ginghams, turkey-red cloth and yarns, tickings and awnings, etc., namely, aniline oil and aniline salts, for blacks; artificial alizarine, a substitute for madder and its derivatives, for reds, purples, chocolates, and blacks; albumen egg or blood, a mordant for fixing dyes on cotton fibers; lactrine, a product of milk, a mordant used similarly to albumen.

From the year 1860, and up to about the year 1880, the dyes made from aniline (aniline is a derivative of benzol, which is found ready formed or free in coal tar) were generally called "fancy dyes," and this appellation was not much out of the way on account of their beauty, brilliancy of color, etc., surpassing by far all the vegetable dyes, and also on account of the prices which were paid for them.

But these so-called aniline dyes, together with all other dyes prepared from derivatives of bituminous coal, are no longer "fancy dies;" they have superseded the vegetable dye-stuffs to a very great extent and have almost entirely supplanted madder, garancine, natural alizarine and purpurine, cochineal, safflower, lac dye, and also to a very great extent indigo and other blue dyes, dye-woods and barks and extracts thereof. These new dyes are now generally applied in the industrial arts on account of cheapness, easy mode of application, and other essential properties. On account of the successful production of the coal-tar dyes new branches of manufacturing industries have developed which could never have been thought of without them.

These coal-tar dyes are also largely consumed by a very important industry which has greatly developed in this country during the last twenty years, viz, the color manufacturing industry for paper and paints, and are in fact about its most important raw material.

In the year 1882 the duty on aniline dyes was 50 cents per pound and 35 per cent. ad valorem. This specific duty was then considered exorbitant, and it was reduced by the revision of the tariff laws in 1883 to 35 per cent. ad valorem only. It abolished rightly the specific duty, which will always be unjust on articles of various grades of qualities and value, although they may commonly be known by a generic

term.

These artificial or coal tar dyes are almost all manufactured in Europe. Every European manufacturing establishment of this kind has its agent or personal representative in this country. The prices which rule here are identical with those ruling in Europe, except that they are so much higher here as the import taxes which are levied upon them augment their prices; the competition in them is exceedingly keen and sharp, and in this country there does not exist to-day a single instance of a monopoly for any of these dye-stuffs, even where letters patent have been granted by the Government, except probably a single instance, viz, that of acid fuchine, also called acid magenta.

From time to time efforts have been made to manufacture aniline dyes in this country, but up to this day material success has not been visible; some establishments have lingered along, others have utterly failed, although the principal staple of raw material for them, aniline, was on the free list since the year 1870.

The time has arrived, it seems to me, when all the dye-stuffs and the colors used or consumed in the industrial arts should be free of taxes, no matter whether they are of vegetable or of mineral origin, no discriminations ought to prevail among them; the chemicals and the mordants and assistants which are consumed in the industrial arts ought also to be free of taxes, or if it should be deemed politic to impose any on some of them, they should be extremly light, not burdensome.

By adopting thoroughly such a policy, all the troubles resulting from attempted undervaluations would disappear, and so would also the endless litigations brought on by the various interpretations of the terms of the law.

By enabling the manufacturing industries of finished fabrics to procure the materials which they absolutly need for successful production (raw materials to them) free of taxes and at low cost, they would thereby be greatly assisted, fostered, and strengthened; in fact given free scope for a natural development. By doing so the natural resources and the agricultural industries of this country, notably those of cottonwool, will gain freer scope for development. It is gratifying to reflect that no one would be seriously injured by the adoption of such a policy except, perhaps, a 138 TAR

few whose undertakings were probably based upon precarious foundations, but the injury to those few would be inconsiderable in comparison with the immense benefits resulting from lightening the burdens which are now imposed on the great industries of the country.

The discriminations prevailing in the present tariff laws are anomalous. For an illustration of this I will take, for an example, the "artificial ultramarine blue," which is probably the very first artificial color or dye ever successfully produced for the arts. It was first manufactured in France, and about the same time in Germany. The processes for making it probably differed somewhat, but more in a practical than in a scientific sense. This blue is almost entirely used or consumed in the cotton and paper manufacturing industries. The duties levied on this extremely important ar tificial color were, up to the year 1869, 25 per cent. ad valorem, but then the rate was changed to 6 cents a pound. Soon afterward parties began to manufacture it in this country, and they succeeded remarkably well.

By the revision of the tariff laws of 1883, the rate of duty was lowered to 5 cents a pound.

The quantity of ultramarine blue imported during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1886, amounted to

Value....

The duty collected on it was

pounds..

During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1887, it amounted to..pounds
Value

The duty collected on it was

1,060, 547.50 $98, 613. 41 $53,027.38 647,342 $62, 535.00

$32, 369. 10

I will state here that in the manufacture of ultramarine blue, a series of grades in qualities is produced; they are carefully separated or sorted on account of shades of color, durability, and other essential properties; the average value of this imported blue was consequently in the fiscal years 1885-1887, nearly 10 cents a pound; the duty collected on it rated over 50 per cent.; this was, of course on the finest grades only, none else could be imported; the great bulk for general consumption is sold in Europe for 5 cents a pound and in this country for 9 cents.

There are now established in this country three factories for producing it; they are all situated in the immediate neighborhood of this city.

The natural resources of this country afford and supply many raw materials useful and essential for the successful production of dye-stuffs, chemicals, and colors, but where such have to be imported they should certainly enter absolutely free. The import freights on them are low, and have been so for a long time. I am of opinion that manufacturers of dye-stuffs, chemicals, and colors, located in Germany and Switzerland, are subject to as high expenses for freightage and shipping on raw materials, which they largely import, notably from England, as manufacturers of similar products would be in this country.

I will venture to make a suggestion relating to the internal-revenue tax, namely, on alcohol used or consumed in the industrial arts, as it enters largely into our manufacturing industries it seems proper that it should be adverted to.

There is probably no country where alcohol can be and is produced at so low a cost as in the United States. In all industrial countries alcohol is allowed to be consumed for manufacturing purposes free of taxes, or, where an exception is made, the taxes imposed upon it are light. To prevent the use of alcohol in such cases as a beverage, there is mixed with it methyl alcohol (wood alcohol), turpentine, or camphor, and a slight mixture of either of these renders the alcohol so offensive to the smell and taste as to effectually prevent its use for personal consumption.

The admixtures of methyl alcohol or of turpentine are for many uses of alcohol in the industrial arts not injurious or offensive, but they are very offensive, even injurious in the production of vinegar, an extremely important manufacture whose products are largely consumed in the industrial arts. In the production of vinegar, methyl alcohol and turpentine act against the necessary fermentation; besides, the offensive odor remains, while camphor is so volatile that it neither hinders the fermentation nor affects the aroma and taste of the vinegar.

The use of alcohol in the various manufacturing industries is manifold. It is directly applied without conversion for dissolving and extracting dyestuffs and mordants for cotton, woolen and other fibers; among others it is employed for the purpose of extracting from nut-galls, a mordant largely used for fixing dye-stuffs on cotton fibers, which is known as tannin or tannic acid; the alcohol is, however, substantially recovered after the extraction has been effected, yet the import duty on tannin is $1 a pound; its price is in Europe below 30 cents a pound, and in this country it is about 50 cents.

Alcohol is also very largely required for the production of numerous other mordants which are absolute necessities for fixing and developing dyes on cotton fibers; for this purpose it must first be converted into vinegar, and this is used for making ertain mineral acetates, viz, acetates of lead, copper, iron, etc.