Hindu Javanese: Tengger Tradition and Islam

according activity Ajisaka ancestors appears areas Bali Balinese become begins Bromo Buda celebration Central century ceremony Chapter chief communities consistent course cultural dance dead deities directions distinction earlier economic entas-entas example exchange expense fact festival figures formal given guardian guests hand Hindu household identified identity important incense Indic interest interpretation Islamic Java Javanese Karo Kasada knowledge known labor land larger least less liturgy living lowland meaning Mohammad mountain movement Muslim myth northwest noted offerings officials once organization performance political popular powerful practice prayer present priest priestly recited refer reform region relationship relatives religion religious restricted rite ritual ritual festivals role sense similar social society southern speak spirits sponsor status suggests symbolism tale Tengger Tengger priest throughout tradition understanding village