abound in all localities. Practically none of this tobacco is used in smoking, but it is almost universally chewed in conjunction with the betel nut.

The habit of chewing betel nuts has a firm hold on all the people-men, women, and sometimes children-and is not supposed to be injurious. On the contrary, its effect is said to be the production of abundant saliva, which aids digestion, preserves the teeth, and relieves bodily fatigue. A betel-nut outfit consists of a small brass box, a knife, a mixing pestle, a small package of shell lime, a few betel nuts from the areca palm, and a roll of buyo leaves. The visible supply for the gratification of this habit would appear to be entirely inadequate; the areca palm is not frequently seen, while the pepper plant, from which the buyo is obtained, seems to be even more scarce, no attempt appearing to be made to cultivate either; still both nuts and leaves, as well as the lime, seem to be plentiful enough to supply the undoubtedly extensive demand.

The use of opium among the Yakan Moros is said to be increasing. Gambling is a vice which holds great attraction for many of the natives, although the Koran warns all followers to abstain from its practice.

Polygamy is universal among them and is sanctioned by their religion, a man having as many wives as he can support. The Koran permits four legal wives, but frequently all except one are slaves, whose children do not inherit rank and titles. Wives are practically bought, the suitor paying an amount agreed upon to the family of the bride. Marriage ceremonies are performed by the priests and are often quite elaborate, followed by feasting, music, and dancing. The Moros have many children and the family relations are closely drawn. The women carry the children on their hips as is customary among Filipinos. The proportion of illegitimate births is small. The marriageable age for women is 13 years. Among Malanao Moros divorce is easy. Husband and wife separate on mutual agreement, the woman returning to her people, taking with her all presents received from her husband during wedded life. If a man finds himself too poor to support all his wives, he may send one or more back to their former homes. The position of the women among Moros is rather high, in that they receive kindly treatment and often affection from their husbands, and are consulted in matters pertaining to the family. Both parents appear to be fond of their children. The Moros of all stations build their houses alike, in common with other Malays. They are raised on poles, from three to ten feet above ground, and are often built near or over the water. The timbers are lashed together and held in place with bejuco or rattan. The roofs are thatched with nipa or other variety of palm, and the walls made of salaga, a species of palm leaf sewed together. A few rough boards or strips of bamboo are used for the floor. These structures are not substantial but they are practically waterproof, afford shelter from the sun, and also withstand the frequent earthquake shocks. The Bajaus, or sea gypsies, live in boats, their occupation being fishing. Those who do not spend all their time at sea build huts on the shore over the water. Sámal settlements are compactly built along the coast, while those of the Yakans are scattered, the people living in small rancherías with houses far removed from one another. Generally, the Moros proper live farther inland than do the Sámal Laut.

The house furnishings are not elaborate, but sufficient for the needs of the occupants. Chairs and tables are not required, as the natives sit on the floor. A few shelves, perhaps, are used for pottery and kitchen utensils, all of which are primitive, consisting of brass bowls and jars, dried gourds, coconut shells, banana leaves, and crude baskets. Mats are used for sleeping, except in the homes of datos, where possibly bedsteads, curtained with mosquito netting and provided with pillows and mattresses, may be found. Among the wealthier people the walls are decorated with krises and lances, while tom-toms and other musical instruments are among the family possessions. In addition to this property each family usually owns a boat

or canoe.

Artificial light, when needed, is obtained from a slender torch-like bundle of resin, wrapped in a green leaf, or from a dish of coconut oil in which floats a wick. The people are in a generally prosperous condition, but living as they do in a land of surprising fertility, where the climate offers but little encouragement to either energy or ambition, there is no great effort to better the conditions into which they are born. Everybody is calm and happy, and from the standpoint of Americans they may perhaps be termed lazy, but it must be remembered that industry would profit a man very little under the circumstances of life that beset these people, yet upon many occasions individual Moros have been known to do very hard work. As a rule they are not thrifty, freely squandering their substance, but here again they are the victims of environment, which holds out but little inducement to save. The Lanao Moros are reported to be in a generally prosperous condition, having possessions which give evidence of thrift and industry. The Joló Moros show considerable pride in special achievements. The men attend to all the outside work, plow the fields, go on various expeditions, and engage in fishing. Those individuals who are particularly skilled in the small things incident to their daily life acquire a local reputation. One man is distinguished for sailing the fastest boat, another for making the best barong and kris handles and scabbards, a third as an expert catcher of crabs and crayfish, another as a diver, and so on through all the native occupations. Among the Sámal Laut and Bajaus there is little employment for labor. The man of standing has slaves or dependents to do his work, and few give employment to other Moros. When labor is required by the military it is hard to get and only obtainable from the escaped slave who is under military protection. There are many Moros who are slaves or dependents and own no property.

Almost all Moro industry is home industry, and the aggregate is not large. The tools, by the aid of which everything else is produced, are largely homemade. Here, however, as elsewhere in the Moro economy, much ingenuity is often wasted in trying to fit one tool to many uses instead of producing suitable implements for the work at hand. Even with the Moros there has been some little specialization of function; thus not all men are smiths or woodworkers. There has also been some recognition of the necessity for trades and crafts men in even the small division of labor which their social organization affords, but this tendency is not marked. The Moros are primarily farmers, and in addition some of them have taken up other work, but however skillful they may become at the secondary occupation, they appear to obtain their livelihood from the soil, never becoming so secure in their trade as to depend entirely upon it. The ironworkers or smiths are the most skillful among these semitradesmen. Their equipment is primitive, but shows considerable ingenuity, and their workmanship excellent. They obtain iron and steel from Chinamen by barter, and from these forge the numerous krises, bolos, knives, daggers, and spears, in which the people take great delight. The occupation of smith is held in high honor among them.

Another important home industry is the building of boats. The Moros are semiamphibious, and when they are not actually immersed in water are frequently to be found upon its surface in small canoes. Practically every family possesses at least one boat and often several, but although the demand is consequently large, it has not developed a special class of boat builders, every man being competent to construct some kind of craft for his personal use. It requires about three weeks' time for a man to make an ordinary canoe twenty feet in length, but the tools employed are crude and unsatisfactory.

The making of pottery is not generally distributed, nor is it woman's work, as is often the case among uncivilized peoples. A potter's wheel of a rude pattern is used, while the material is a black volcanic mud obtained from the sediment of streams. It is not apparently rich in clay, but holds together quite well after baking. The

pottery is fired by being put directly into an ordinary fire where a good deal of it is ruined, but from which the rest emerges hardened and toughened sufficiently for household use. The firing kiln is unknown to these people.

Some of the more ingenious artisans work in brass, hammering or molding a variety of ornamental articles. The ability to do this work is now rarely found, and few articles are made except betel boxes, ornaments, and handles of krises. Some of these brassworkers are able to work in silver, but their skill does not equal that of the Navajo and other American Indians.

The women weave cloth of good quality, the usual articles made being the sarong and large handkerchief, which constitute the ordinary dress of both sexes. This work is executed upon efficient although primitive looms, and is often artistic in addition to being skillfully woven. But little use is made of twills, diagonals, and other fancy weaves, considerable diversity in appearance being obtained by the manipulation of many colored threads. The thread is obtained from the Chinese, the women having little knowledge of spinning. The dyeing is done at home with colors that are generally lasting, extracted from barks, roots, and flowers.

The women also manufacture baskets and mats which do not, however, differ materially from similar articles made all over the world.

With the Bajaus, or sea gypsies, fishing is practically the only occupation, the men` being engaged in obtaining fish, mother-of-pearl, sea cucumbers, and other sea products which are exchanged with landsmen for articles of necessity. Among some other of the Moro tribes fishing is merely incidental, not pursued as a trade or exclusive occupation, but only as occasion demands. Fish are numerous in nearly all rivers and lakes and but little tackle is necessary for their capture. Moros consume a large amount of fish, but usually catch only enough for their own wants, occasionally trading any surplus for other articles of food. They are all supplied with boats and are skillful in their management, so that fishing is little more than a recreation.

With the exception of the sea-roving tribe the Moros are farmers, in the sense that they obtain subsistence from the soil, although they do not cultivate the land extensively. Rice is grown on both lowland and upland, and where free from locusts is fairly productive. No modern methods are applied in farming, plows being practically unknown. The ground is broken up and prepared for the crop by a heavy, pointed stick, sometimes aided by the ever-useful bolo. No further cultivation is given except weeding and that which can be done by hand. This primitive method of planting satisfies the natives, who might easily employ farm machinery, since the carabaos make excellent draft animals.

A small-eared, low-growing corn is quite extensively raised, principally because it is not attacked by locusts. It receives little care other than numerous weedings, and the quality of the seed is so poor that the resulting crop is far from satisfactory. Very little improvement, either in the quantity or quality of this food, can be expected until the Moros are taught the necessity of crop rotation, and the use of a seed corn which has not become worthless through centuries of inbreeding. Sweet potatoes are a never-failing crop, growing apparently from year to year without replanting, but they, too, could be improved by the introduction of fresh stock, and the employment of modern agricultural methods. The banana is prolific, but can scarcely be classified as a cultivated product, for, although great groves are to be seen everywhere, they receive no attention. Coconut trees abound near the coast, and the natives find them of use in many ways, the oil being an important article of food. Tobacco is raised for family consumption, also a small quantity of sugar cane, from which sugar is manufactured in crude fashion. Sugar cane slips are set out in May, and the cane is ready to cut the following January. To make sugar the cane is usually cut into small pieces, which are crushed by hand and boiled. There are a few sugar rollers of the most primitive pattern. Pumpkins, camóting cáhoy, gabi,