mountains, but they are still found in the provinces of Cagayán, Isabela, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Abra, Bataán, Ambos Camarines, Albay, Cápiz, Antique, Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental, Surigao, Sorsogón, and Iloilo. IGOROTS. This tribe, next to the Moros, is the most numerous among those peoples of the Philippines who are commonly regarded as wild. They are found in 11 provinces of north Luzón, as shown in the following table: Besides the above, there are a few among the Christian population who were enumerated on schedule 1. The Igorot people, as here treated, comprehend many Malayan subtribes of north Luzón, who have close physical resemblance and whose languages are closely akin. They exist under various names, in the different provinces, as shown in the list of wild tribes. These people differ widely in development, ranging from the partly civilized down to the wildest of head-hunters. The most highly civilized are in general living in the western part of the Igorot country in the Ilocos provinces and La Unión and in western Lepanto and Benguet, while toward the eastern limits of their range, in Bontoc, Cagayán, Isabela, and Nueva Vizcaya, they are the least advanced. Their country consists of mountain ranges and elevated valleys, with a fairly cool climate. Perhaps as a result, the Igorots, as compared with the Filipinos of the lowlands, are physically well built, strong, and active. They are quick, amiable, cheerful in disposition and industrious. For details regarding their present mode of life the following extracts from the reports of Governor Dinwiddie, of LepantoBontoc, and Governor Pack, of Benguet, to the Director of the Census, give interesting accounts of their present condition: The population of Lepanto-Bontoc-which comprehends Lepanto, with the subprovince of Amburayan on the west, reaching almost to the sea, and Bontoc to the northeast, is almost solidly Igorot or non-Christian. The principal Christian or Filipino population is found in Lepanto, on the main trails to the coast, at such towns as Concepción, San Emilio, and Cervantes, where the population is nearly divided between Christian and non-Christian, but in all the others it is overwhelmingly nonChristian, while in Bontoc, outside the pueblo of Bontoc, the population is composed entirely of Igorots. Of the population of Benguet, nearly 95 per cent are Igorot; of Nueva Vizcaya, two-thirds, while of the other provinces containing them the proportion is much less. The manners, customs, and superstitions of the Igorots, while bearing strong general resemblances, when measured by the standard of the ethnologist, show many differences; for example, the people near the coast, or in Amburayan, exhibit, in more or less marked degree, the influence of Spanish and Filipino civilization, wearing more articles of clothing than their more isolated brethren, among whom a condition of almost nudity is reached in Bontoc, where the children (both boys and girls) run naked up to ten years of age, and the men do not wear even a gee string, but instead have a small flap of cloth or swinging pouch in front attached to a narrow cloth belt, while the women wind about their middles a single piece of cloth, four feet long by two feet wide, and held in place by a cord-woven sash. A communal government, with the barrio as a unit, exists throughout the province of Lepanto-Bontoc, though in the western or coastward districts this is merged into operative district governments of Spanish origin, and hence the unit has wider scope than to the eastward. Recognition of and respect for central government is thoroughly grafted on the natives of the western portions, while in Bontoc, though the communal defensive element is strong in the towns, little attention is paid to civil regulations, even those made by the leaders of the town, the communal interest, in this respect, being narrowed down to small clusters of people, or tribunals, of the same village. In Benguet, and generally in the western part of the Igorot country, the local government is much the same as in western Lepanto, while in the east it generally resembles the conditions of Bontoc. Every Igorot town has its own court, or what might be called a board of arbitration, composed of the old men of the village, before whom anyone can make a complaint and secure a hearing. This board deals with all classes of cases, from the pettiest of domestic troubles to crimes of serious nature, and the decision of the old men is supposed to be final, though it is rapidly becoming the custom of the more western people to appeal from these decisions to the governor, or an American justice of the peace when not satisfied. When a dispute arises or a theft is committed among the families belonging to a tribunal, the old men of that particular tribunal settle the trouble, determining the guilt, fixing the penalties for the theft, proper division of property, etc., that is, provided the questions are not of general importance to the town or do not affect people belonging to other tribunals, in which case a selected few of the old men from the tribunals involved come together and make decisions, or, when the question is still broader and the entire town is involved, or a dispute arises between different towns, the representatives of all the tribunals have a session. I am told that even cases of murder are adjusted in this way, and the price of a life may be measured in cattle or carabaos. Thieving among the people of the same town is punished very severely; for instance, if a man steals a hog and is caught, the penalty is likely to be five hogs, not to the man from whom the hog was stolen, however, but as a contribution to a village feast or canao, the particular choice cuts of the meat going to the old men or judges. If the animal is stolen from some other town, the act is looked upon as not particularly reprehensible, unless the thief is caught; the primitive feeling still prevails, even among the more advanced, that all the people not in a communal unit are enemies, or at least fair game to be taken advantage of as occasion arises. Where animals or articles are stolen from another and the evidence of the crime is incontestable, it is customary for the guilty parties to agree to settle with the owners, and the amount to be paid, in money or cattle, is usually determined by the old men. While there is no way of estimating the number of theft cases settled without the matter being brought to the attention of the provincial officials, there are no doubt many such. It is, however, becoming more and more the custom to bring these cases before the provincial governor, that |