islands are all unattractive, with repulsive vegetation and a desolate, uninviting aspect. While, as stated, this population is almost entirely Sámal, their datos are Sulu, descended from the royal families of Joló.

But the real locus of the Sámal people, where formerly they existed in greatest numbers and where the "pure Sámal" dialect was spoken, was the group of islands between Basilan and Joló, still known as the "Islas Samales," especially Tonguil and Balanguingui. These islands were the very latest haunts of piracy to be broken up by the Spaniards. Up to 1849 fleets of these Sámal came each year up the west coast of Mindanao, spent months in the Visayan Islands, burning towns and taking loot and captives, and then proceeded leisurely down the east coast of Mindanao with the northeast monsoon back to their homes. Not until the introduction of gunboats during the administration of Claveria was Spain able to attack and defeat these pirates in their own lairs. Two notable expeditions accomplished this object, and the population was not merely defeated, but was largely driven from these islands, scattering up and down the Zamboangan peninsula, while a considerable number of persons of rank were exiled by the Spanish Government to the province of Isabela, Luzón, where their descendants were still living on haciendas near Ilagan when that province was visited in 1900 by the Philippine Commission.

In addition to these settled Sámal, the Sámal Laut or "Bajau" are found in a great number of places throughout the Sulu archipelago and the southern coast of Mindanao. Their manner of living has already been described. They are found, a family to a boat, in little fleets of half a dozen sail, subsisting almost exclusively upon a diet derived from the sea. Their traffic is confined wholly to the products of these waters. Expert divers, they bring up a few pearl shells, an occasional catch of tripang or bêche de mer, a little edible seaweed, or a few shark fins, which they exchange at the Chinese trading posts for the tapioca of the land Moros and the cheap cloths which form their garments. They seem to have no political organization of their own, but obey and pay tribute to the dato or petty chieftain in whose waters they have for the moment found shelter. There are some famous resorts of these boats, one of them being Taluksangay on the east coast of Zamboanga peninsula, others around Tonguil where the true Sámal have almost disappeared, another on the island of Joló, and a great many boats find anchorages and fishing grounds in the vicinity of Siassi.

On the island of Basilan we find a very different type of Moro. These are the Yakan, who are a primitive Malayan tribe of the same type and general culture as the Subanon of the Mindanao mainland, and who, some generations ago, were proselyted to Mohammedanism

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and are fanatical adherents of this faith. They live scattered over the island cultivating a little maize, rice, and tapioca, bringing out some jungle product, but living as a whole miserably and in poverty. They make a very characteristic and interesting blowgun or "sumpitan" which, in place of the bow and arrow, seems to be the characteristic projectile weapon of the primitive Malayan. Some of these Yakan have migrated to the peninsula of Zamboanga and the islands adjacent to this coast.

In small villages along the coast of Zamboanga, living and mingling with other Moro settlers, are people called Kalibugan, who appear to be Subanon, converted in recent times to Mohammedanism.

Proceeding northward along the coast of Zamboanga, we come to two deep indentations Sibuguey bay and Dumanquilas bay. Both of these regions were colonized some generations ago by Moros of Maguindanao, coming from the regions around Cottabato. Their numbers or at least the importance of these settlements-have now greatly diminished, but sixty years ago they appeared to the Spaniards to be formidable and important, and the chieftains, who were of direct royal descent, received from the Spaniards the title of "Princes of Sibuguey."

In the deep gulf on the south coast of Mindanao between Punta Flechas and the present army post of Malabang live the Moros known as Ilano. They are now very few in number, but in times past bore a great reputation for piracy. Their name means "people of the lanao" or "lake" and suggests, what is probable, that they are closely connected with the Malanao or Moros dwelling in the valley of the interior lake of Mindanao. These latter are comparatively numerous and were never subdued by the Spaniards, but have been severely whipped by the American Army in the last two years.

Last of the Mohammedan tribes we come to the Maguindanao, the tribe which has given its name to the island itself. The word means "people who come from the lake," and has long been used to designate the warlike Mohammedan tribes of the Río Grande. These were almost the first Moros with whom the Spaniards came in contact. Various attempts were made by the Spanish Government, even in its earliest years, to establish colonies near the mouth of this river, but they were repulsed and these Moros were not thoroughly defeated until recent years when General Weyler was military governor of Mindanao. Since that time their importance has been steadily declining. To-day the Sultan of Mindanao is an exile from the Río Grande, with his home at Dumanquilas bay. His prestige is gone, he is poor to the point of destitution, and he will never regain the position occupied by his predecessors. Such seems to be the fate of the sultanate among these tribes