of dialect. Just how many of these separate dialects we should recognize has not been thoroughly worked out. The writer has personally studied and collected vocabularies of twelve. I believe this includes all except minor variations and one branch in the extreme north of the Cordillera, whom we have called Apayao. This last tribe is on both slopes of the Cordillera, but far more numerous on the Cagayán side. In the last years of the Spanish rule, there were founded among them the two politico-military comandancias of Apayao and Cabugaoan. They have a bad reputation for bloodthirstiness among both the Christianized Ilocano and the Cagayán. They have been scarcely visited since the end of the Spanish rule, and we have no information as to their present condition.

Coming south along the Cordillera we find on the midwaters of the Río Chico de Cagayán another interesting Igorot people who speak a dialect called the Dadayag. There are numerous well-built towns in the low foothills of the Cordillera occupied by these folks, and here there was formerly the Spanish comandancia and mission of Itaves. On one of the natural terraces overlooking the river there still stand several fine buildings of this now abandoned station. Farther south, and extending through Isabela, on the same foothills of the Cordillera, there are villages of the Gaddang, who, as above stated, have Christianized representatives in the province of Nueva Vizcaya.

Eastward, with a few settlements along the Cagayán river near Ilagan, as well as in the valley of the Calabugan, a tributary of the Río Grande, is an Igorot people, known as Kalinga. This is an Ibanag word, and means simply "enemy." Kalinga is frequently applied by the Christianized population of this valley to almost any group of the Igorot, and quite generally to the Apayao. The Kalinga east of Ilagan have been frequently denominated Kalibugan, from the river valley where they live, but this word is unknown as a tribal designation in that vicinity.

Ascending the Chico de Cagayán, one comes to the northernmost of the three great divides which break the mountain chain from west to east. Here years ago there existed a Spanish military road (camino militar), which led up from the province of Abra across the range at Balbalasan to Labuagan. It was the intention of the Spanish Government to complete this road down the Río Chico to the Cagayán valley, but the project was never carried out. Midway between Balbalasan and Labuagan, as well as in the Saltán valley, a little farther north in the mountains, there are groups of rancherías, of whose relation to other Igorot I do not feel very sure. Meyer and Shadenburg call them Banaos from one of their rancherías, Banao, but the whole tribe appears to speak with some variation the dialect known as Itneg or

Eenig, the same language that is spoken in Abra itself by the Tinguián. These Banao people, who are called in Abra alcados (Spanish meaning "wild"), are, I think, the prototype of the present more civilized Tinguián.

Coming farther southward and ascending still higher into the mountains, we come to the most populous and in many ways the most remarkable region of the entire Igorot country, the district of Bontoc. Here we have some towns compactly built, containing, many of them, several thousand inhabitants each. The mountains, terraced for the formation of gardens and rice paddies, attain a maximum development and present a remarkable appearance, quite unexcelled by similar laborious effort in any part of the world. These Bontoc Igorot, who are, perhaps, the most famous of all the head-hunting people, speak of themselves as the Ipukao, a word which, in many of these languages, means "man" or "people." I have used it as the designation of the dialect spoken in this "culture area."

Southeastward over a dividing range is the district of Quiañgán. The strong garrisons which the Spaniards maintained here have never been replaced and this populous region has in the last few years experienced a veritable orgy of head-hunting. There are at least two fairly well recognized dialects here, the Bunnayan and Silipan, while farther east on the dividing line between Quiangán and the province of Isabela are warlike Igorot, speaking Mayoyao. Isanay is spoken bythe Igorot living in the mountains west of the civilized portion of Nueva Vizcaya. On the western slope of the Cordillera, we have in Lepanto several dialects differing somewhat from one another and approximating those of the surrounding tribes. In the north, the Igorot is very like the Itneg of the Tinguián of Abra. In the eastern rancherías it approaches the Ipukao of Bontoc, while in the southern rancherías it is the Kankanay dialect which is spoken in northern Benguet and Amburayan. In southern Benguet and east of the Agno valley in the old comandancia of Cayapa is spoken Nabiloi.

Numerous other tribal designations, which have arisen out of the uncoordinated studies of many observers should be, in my opinion, rejected. Many of them are derived from rancherías or place names; others, like the term Burik, meaning "tattoo," come from some peculiarity of the people and are applied to Igorot now in this place and now in that. For the purpose of ethnologic classification, all this people represent one group, and to them I would add even the more civilized and developed Tinguián.

The Tinguián constitute about one-half the population of the province of Abra. They live in settled communities, are peaceful and industrious, practice weaving, as do also many tribes of the Igorot, and are conspicuous in appearance because of their brass armlets and leglets, and

1. NATIVE WOMAN WITH NEGRITO BLOOD (REMONTADO). 2. YOUNG MAN (REMONTADO). 3. GIRL (REMONTADO). 4. NATIVE MAN WITH NEGRITO BLOOD (REMONTADO). 5. GIRL (GADDÁN). 6. WOMAN (GADDÁN).

the neat and tasteful dressing of the hair among the women. They present under these conditions a somewhat different appearance from the ordinary Igorot. The face and body seem plumper and, as suggested above, the person is more carefully attended to, but I believe the physical type and ethnic origin are the same. The word Tinguián is derived from tingues, meaning "mountain," a Malayan word, archaic and almost unused now in Tagálog, and the suffix an. The word was employed around Laguna de Bay three hundred years ago to designate the people in the mountains, and Chirino also speaks of the mountain people of Bohol as Tinguián, but in these places the use of the word has disappeared. For nearly two centuries it has been used to mean these pagan people of Abra. Tinguián and Itneg are the names also applied to a small group of Igorot living rather isolated from the rest of their stock in the mountains near Cuyapó, Nueva Ecija.

About the headwaters of the Río Grande de Cagayán in the province of Isabela, in the densely forested mountains of the Caraballos Sur and thence southeastward through the mountainous portions of Nueva Ecija and Príncipe, there is a very curious tribe of head hunters known among the people of Nueva Vizcaya as Ibilao, but sometimes designated as Ilongot. The physical type is quite different from that of the Igorot of the Cordillera Central. The thin, nervous faces of the men bear a scanty beard, the hair is wavy and worn about the shoulders. These people represent a very primitive Malayan stock, but I can not attempt to settle at the present time their derivation. They are few in number; their social organization is so limited and faulty that each little community preys upon the other rancherías of the same tribe in its hunt for human heads. Though few in number they are feared by the people of Nueva Ecija, and the northeast portion of this province is almost uninhabited by Christian population because of the raids of these head hunters.

Coming southward into the mountainous country north of Rizal province, we have a few nomadic Malayan families, usually living in association with Negritos and frequently mixed with Negrito blood, who were known to the Spaniards as Remontados, Vagos, Nomadas, etc. They seem to represent the outlaw element from the Christian towns. I saw quite a number of these at one time, together with Negritos with whom they lived, who were brought into the town of Montalbán by the insurgent general, Gerónimo. They were a curious band of mixed races extending from the extremes of pure Malay to almost pure Negrito. They were thorough savages, almost naked, and with no means of livelihood except the chase and wild roots. This wild type, which, on its Malayan side, is probably related quite closely to the present Christian population, occurs in many spots and islands of the archipelago. In Ambos Camarines, on Mt. Isarog, there are a good