To summarize, we have the following as the civilized or Christian tribes: The Bicol, Cagayán, Ilocano, Pampangan, Pangasinan, Tagálog, Visayan, and Zambalan.1 NON-CHRISTIAN TRIBES. The classification of the Christianized tribes of the Philippines is a comparatively easy task. We have varied information, including dictionaries and grammars of these languages, that has been slowly accumulating for three centuries, but when we attempt to classify and enumerate the pagan and Mohammedan tribes, which up to this point in our treatment we have purposely left to one side, the result is not so satisfactory. These tribes have become known even to the Spaniard only within recent decades. When Zúñiga wrote-a century agothe Moro was fiercely hostile, and Spanish efforts at defense were at their lowest ebb. Of the pagan tribes of northern Luzón he had no more real information than was known to Morga, two hundred years before. But in the last fifty years of Spanish rule a great change was effected. Not only was the Moro defeated and his sovereignty of southern Mindanao and Sulu wrested from him, but Spanish soldiers and missionaries established their forts and missions throughout the great Cordillera Central of northern Luzón. These achievements served to draw attention to the extremely rich ethnologic field presented by the Philippines, and the islands were not only visited by German and French scientists, but in Europe generally the archipelago came to be regarded as the key to many of the complex problems of race presented by the countries of the Far East and MalayoPolynesia. However, one impression that has gained foothold in regard to the tribes of the Philippines I believe to be erroneous, and that is as to the number of distinct types or races and the multiplicity of tribes. Owing to the fact that nowhere in the Philippines do we encounter large political bodies or units, we have a superlative number of designations for what are practically identical peoples. The tribe itself as a body politic is unknown in this archipelago. The Malayan has never by his own effort achieved so important a political organization. Such great and effective confederacies as we find among the North American Indians are far beyond the capacity of the Filipino of any grade. For example, among the powerful and numerous Igorot of northern Luzón It will be observed that throughout his sketch of the population Dr. Barrows has adopted the same form for the singular and plural of tribal names. While the Census Bureau has not changed this arrangement, it is the opinion that the plural of all the tribal names should be formed in accordance with the rules of American orthography by adding s or es to the singular. For example: Igorot, Igorots; Bilan, Bilans; Bicol, Bícols, etc.-Director. the sole political body is in the independent community. Under normal conditions the town across the valley is an enemy and seeks the heads of its neighbors. I have stood in a single Igorot town and looked across the steep hillsides and river valleys where, in every direction within a radius of six miles, a man's life of that town would have been unsafe. His head would unfailingly have been taken had he ventured unprotected so far from home. This fact of deficient social cohesion has resulted in the application of an indefinite number of designations for these mountain Igorot, who, throughout the Cordillera for a distance of 150 miles, are all members of one common stock. Errors in nomenclature prevail everywhere in the islands. Sometimes three or four different terms have been applied by different localities or towns to identical peoples, and all these designations have gone to swell the reputed number of Philippine tribes. Thus Blumentritt credits fully eighty-two such distinct tribes; the Jesuits, who have been diligent collectors of information here, as everywhere, report sixty-seven tribes; and the enumerators for the census turned in on their schedules a total of about one hundred and sixteen different or differing titles, which had to be explained and reduced to system. The researches of the Ethnological Survey of the Philippine Islands, which have been prosecuted for the last two years, have resulted in throwing considerable light on the relations of these numerous tribes and in greatly reducing the number of necessary designations. Briefly summed up, the pagan tribes of the islands may be described as follows: The aborigines of the archipelago are unquestionably the Negrito. This race has long attracted interest as one of the pygmy peoples of the globe. They are among the smallest of mankind. For example, nine full-grown men belonging to one community measured by me had an average stature of 1,450 millimeters (56.5 inches). The tallest of these nine measured 1,502 millimeters, and the shortest 1,374 millimeters. The women are notably smaller. They have a dark skin with a yellowish "undertone," with the broad, flat nose and curly hair of the negro race; their heads, however, are not long like the African and Melanesian, but very round. They live in a wholly savage state in many parts of the Philippines. The origin of these little people is unsolved, but even in historic times we know that they were more widely distributed, if not more numerous, than now, and the occurrence of the same little type in the Malay peninsula and on the Andaman Islands in the Indian ocean leads to the inference that they were once in perhaps even continuous occupation of the Malay archipelago and the adjacent mainland from the Andaman Islands to the Philippines. They were described as long ago as the early part of the thir |