some migration of Ilocano into the Cagayán valley and south into Pangasinan, and small colonies of Tagálog have settled in certain towns of the Visayan Islands.

Beginning at the north end of the archipelago an enumeration of these Christian tribes is as follows:

The two little clusters of islands lying between Luzón and Formosa, the Batánes and Babuyanes, had formerly a population which seems to have been a connecting link between the Igorot of the northern Cordillera and a similar primitive Malayan element on the island of Formosa. These islands were early visited by Spaniards, but, owing to their lack of fertility and to their lying in the path of the typhoons, they never attracted Spanish settlers, nor have they had any great development. The Relación de Encomiendas says of the group nearest to Luzón:

This encomienda of the Babuyanes are two islands given to Esteban de la Sernay Francisco Castillo. One is distant from the other 2 leagues. It has 500 payers of tribute, which are 2,000 persons. They are all wild (alcadas). They will need one minister to doctrinate them, living in Puga and visiting Aparri. The islands of Calayán and Camiguing were also under encomiendas, the first given to the same Esteban de la Serna, and paying 400 tributes; the second to Alonzo Martin, and paying 500 tributes. There are other islands of which we have received notice, although as yet they have not been seen, and are still to be given in encomiendas.

This is evidently a reference to the Batán group, lying 100 miles farther north and much closer to Formosa. These estates, however, appear to have been practically worthless. Morga, writing twenty years afterwards, says of the Babuyanes:

They are not "encomiended," nor is tribute collected among them, nor are there Spaniards there, because these people have little reason and knowledge of government, and there have neither been Christians made among them nor have they justices.

This condition seems to have been continued until about the year 1585, when Governor Basco reoccupied the islands and Dominican missionaries formed missions thereon. For this service to the Crown the governor received the high-sounding title of "Count of the Conquest of the Batanes." A catechism of the dialect spoken in the Batán Islands was published by a friar in 1834. An examination of this vocabulary has led Dr. Pardo de Tavera to the conclusion that the aboriginal tongue differed considerably from the other Filipino dialects, containing the sound "tsch" and a nasal sound like the French "en." At the present time, however, I am inclined to think that the population of the Batanes, as well as of the Babuyanes, is made up very largely of Ibánag from the Cagayán valley, introduced there as colonists by the Dominican friars. The population at the present day is Christian, and is largely devoted to stock raising.

The people living along and close to the banks of the great Río Grande de Cagayán from its mouth southward to Echague, and also along the lower waters of its affluent, the Río Chico, as far up this stream as Tuao, belong to a common stock whose dialect is called Ibanag, although this people are better known under the Spanish designation Cagayán. They seem to have been derived from one of the branches of the seafaring Malays, and I think this colony was established by voyagers of this great stock very soon after the settlements on the coasts of Ilocos and southern Luzón. The population, as has already been observed, was relatively numerous in 1591, and although it has never extended its cultivation away from the immediate banks of the river itself, the population has here grown to considerable numbers owing to the great richness of the soil and the early cultivation of tobacco. Around Echague, in the province of Isabela, the dialect differs somewhat from Ibánag and is known as Yogad. Throughout this valley may be found settlements, usually little barrios of the towns of Ilocano who have come as immigrants from Ilocos Norte. This Ilocano population has not mingled very greatly with the Cagayán, but has preserved its separate tribal feeling and dialect in great part. This immigration was to a considerable extent fostered, encouraged, and perhaps impelled by the Spanish Government in order to supply colonists and laborers for the tobacco haciendas of this great valley, which for years constituted a government monopoly, or estanco. The Ilocano have also migrated still farther south into the secluded valley of the upper Magat, which constitutes the beautiful but isolated province of Nueva Vizcaya. The bulk of the population here, however, differs very decidedly from nearly all the rest of the Christian population of the archipelago. It is made up of converts from two of the mountain Igorot tribes, who still have numerous pagan representatives in this province and in Isabela. These are the Isanay and the Gaddang or Gaddan. Early in the eighteenth century the Augustinians sought anew to extend their missionary undertakings. In 1632 they established a mission in this secluded valley, known as Ituy or Isinay. (Relación de los Sucesos de la Misión de Ituy en el Archivo del Bibliófilo Filipino, Vol. XI, page 5.) This mission resulted in the addition to the Spanish Government of a new province, and led to the establishment of the towns of Aritao, Dúpax, and Bambang, inhabited by the Christianized Isanay, and of Bayombong, Bagábag, and Ibung, inhabited by Christianized Gaddang. The fine old churches which still ornament these towns date, some of them, from as early as 1776. The population, however, has not greatly multiplied, and at the present day amounts to only three or four thousand of each of these tribes, the remainder of the Christianized population of the province being made up of Ilocano immigrants.

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