not been for the interest taken in this work by one or two of the army officers of this garrison, who very kindly offered to take field parties into any localities which might be selected, an offer which I gladly accepted.

First Lieut. G. S. Turner, Tenth Infantry, made the trip south from Cottabato, passing the mountains which skirt Ilana bay, to almost the southern limits of our district, returning by sea, stopping at every coast settlement on his way.

Second Lieut. H. M. Cooper, Tenth Infantry, traversed a route through the eastern part of the district, traveling from the region of the large lakes to the vicinity of Mt. Apo.

Our third subdistrict was laid between the two just spoken of, and included the lake region with a (formerly) thickly populated territory to the westward, lying between the lakes and the mountains. This was taken charge of by our census

clerk, Mr. J. J. Dunleavy.

I took the rest of our territory, taking charge of a good-sized party, and working through the country which lies in proximity to the principal rivers, visiting in about two weeks nearly all rancherías within reach, traversing a distance of about 250 miles. They are few from the fact that we passed through the territories of the most powerful datos, coming into contact but little with the minor chieftains.

It was, for obvious reasons, impossible to make an actual enumeration of the Mohammedan peoples, and the plan for obtaining at least their numbers which appeared the most feasible was to obtain by actual count in a large number of cases the average size of family per house. From this and a careful count of all houses it would be possible to compute the population. This, of course, would need continual checking, as, for instance, by frequent questioning of the well informed of the rancherías visited. This plan was carried out, and in many ways it gave, I believe, more satisfactory results than could have been secured by an attempt at an actual canvass. The great objection to this latter method was really the interminable time which must infallibly have been consumed in its execution. The Moro has some excellent qualities, but appreciation of the value of time is certainly not one of them. The asking of the most necessary questions, such, for instance, as those given in Schedule 7, would, at any rate, or the obtaining answers to them, frequently take up a full hour of our time at one Moro's house. Quite evidently this was too timeconsuming a method to be of much use with a population of perhaps 30,000, especially since the work had to be completed in two or three weeks. Again, some of the necessary questions the Moros wouldn't answer at all; for instance, no Moro will tell his own name under any circumstances. I therefore thought that a careful count of all visible houses would give a basis for fairly accurate work, and that such a plan was about all that was open to us. With my own party a careful canvass was made of more than 300 houses. These houses were taken at random and were scattered over a wide area, and we made every effort to secure complete statistics concerning them, inhabitants being counted, cultivated fields roughly measured, etc. Something of the same sort was followed by all the other parties. My own inquiries convinced me that each Moro household might be expected to contain on the average something more than 6 people, and I could not find that polygamous marriages raised this average at all appreciably. These conclusions, however, differ somewhat from those arrived at by some of our other workers, but I have made no attempt to change their figures, obtained upon the spot, to make them conform to my theories. Capt. K. W. Walker, supervisor of the Tawi Tawi district, pursued the following plan as described by him:

The scheme was to visit each island, taking with me an interpreter and a friendly dato, whom I designated and paid as a special agent, and by questioning the people and observing them, their crops, houses, manner of living and customs, gain all

the information possible. All information on this table is, more or less, approximate, but I believe it to be fairly accurate. The visiting of these islands was done under difficulties, because I had no boat to take me, and it is on this account that I did not visit all the islands personally. I sent the friendly dato and interpreter in a native boat to visit all the islands where I did not personally go. They actually landed and got information from each village on each island in the group, except the islands of Tabawán, Mantabaún, and Tambagaan, where the cholera was still raging, and the island of Lataan, and four villages on the island of Landubas, where the natives refused to allow the dato to land. The information relative to islands not actually visited was obtained from people on the neighboring islands, and, in the case of Landubas, from people of the villages of the same island. Information from all islands has been repeatedly corroborated by questioning resident natives wherever I have come across them, and by questioning the Bajaus, who live in boats, and are a continuously moving population that go everywhere. Wherever they have temporarily been found, they have been included in the population of that place.

Captain Hickok, who enumerated the Siassi Moros, said:

In numbers they (the Siassi Moros) can not count very high, nor are their estimates much better. A simple-minded folk they are, living not so very far from nature. I had with me a Moro chief of police known by the name of Hadji Osman. He was a man of considerable natural intelligence and thrift. He had received some English schooling in Borneo, where he had resided for several years and had held the office of tax collector under the British North Borneo Company. He seemed to exercise his office as priest so as to gain the confidence of the people, and he had probably more influence in the Siassi group than any other Moro. Being brought in such close touch with them, his knowledge of them, their settlements, chiefs, and numbers was freely made use of. In these estimates he could give only the number of male followers which each chief claimed to have. These numbers were subsequently by me verified and modified, as a result of personal conversations with the chiefs in question, and of visits which I made to various parts of the group.

After considering all the elements affecting the matter-some men being in polygamous relations, some being without wives at all, the reports of males including everything over 15 years of age, whether bond or free-and after discussing the matter with the best informed local authorities, as well as with the officers of my command, I arrived at the factor "4," by which the number of adult males being multiplied would give the total population, and returns were made on this basis.

The results of the census are set forth in the following pages. In addition to the tables and analytical text it was considered essential to complete presentation to include in the report of the census a brief geographical sketch of the archipelago; its climate; seismic and volcanic phenomena; its general history; a historical and ethnological sketch of the inhabitants; and a preface to each census subject covering, as far as practicable, its origin and development through Spanish and American control to the date of the census, thus presenting as accurately and graphically as sources of information permitted a statistical picture of the Philippine Islands during the past three hundred and seventy-five years. Owing to the fragmentary condition of the Spanish archives, this attempt has not been entirely successful. Many of the insular, provincial, and municipal records are either

missing or are so mutilated as to be unreliable, while all their Spanish custodians are either dead or have left the islands. A serious drawback, and one which has caused much embarrassment in testing the accuracy of results, is the entire absence of all data of the Spanish censuses of 1877 and 1887 other than the number of the inhabitants, such statistics having been sent to Spain and never made public by the Spanish Government. A part of the statistics of the civil census of 1896 were found in the Bureau of Statistics, in Manila, shortly after the capture of the city, but furnished very little information of value, except as to the number of inhabitants in certain of the provinces. Nevertheless, by laborious research and a critical examination of all available data, the conclusions reached regarding the various subjects covered by the census are believed to be fairly accurate, or at least sufficiently so for administrative purposes.

Before considering the results of the census, the attention of the reader is invited to the geographical description of the islands. Through the kindness of Mr. G. R. Putnam, representative of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey in the islands, an effort was made to obtain an accurate list of all the islands and islets visible above high tide, with their names and areas, and this list is presented, for the first time, it is believed, in the history of the islands, together with a list of the most prominent altitudes in all the islands.

It

In the prosecution of this work an examination was made of all available maps, from which and other data the map of the Philippines presented in this volume was compiled especially for the census. does not pretend to be a complete geographical map, but was prepared more for the purpose of illustrating the subject matter of the text than the general topographical conditions prevailing.

To those engaged in agriculture or commerce in the Philippines the climatology of the islands has always been of great interest and importance.

While the temperature, as indicated by the thermometer at the sea level, is practically the same throughout the entire area of the archipelago, the topographical features of the different islands, and the longitudinal direction of the mountains and hills with reference to the prevailing winds, have a marked effect on the amount of rainfall as well as on the duration of the rainy season. Therefore, while in provinces like Rizal, Batangas, and Bulacán, there is a rainy season and a dry season, whose limits can be fairly well defined, there are other provinces, like Albay, Sámar, and Surigao, where it usually rains at short intervals throughout the entire year, and where, as a consequence, the climate is more especially adapted to the cultivation of certain important crops than in other provinces.

The prevalence of typhoons, or, as they are called in the Philippines,

"baguios," during the summer months, frequently with disastrous results to the shipping, has always been the cause of much apprehension to the owners of vessels and to shippers, but with the establishment of the meteorological department of the Manila observatory in 1865, and the systematic study of these storms, which was commenced by Father Faura, S. J., at that time, and carried on in later years by Father Algué, S. J., the laws governing their origin and movement have been so fully established that their progress, duration, and intensity can now be predicted with great accuracy, and timely notice of their approach be given wherever there is a telegraph station. For a history of the development of this very important public service, the reader is referred to the account in Volume IV of the Report of the First Philippine Commission to the President, January 31, 1900.

It is sufficient to say here that all important ports in the Philippine Islands now have weather observers who are in telegraphic communication with the central weather bureau in Manila, to which daily reports of the state of the thermometer, barometer, and the direction and force of the wind are telegraphed.

The cable communication recently established with Guam, not far from which typhoons originating in the Pacific are supposed to form, will add greatly to the accuracy of the predictions, and will admit of far earlier and more timely notice of the phenomena which precede and attend their formation and movement.

While the establishment of the Weather Bureau in Manila was primarily for the benefit of the Philippine Islands, it has proved of infinite service to shipping in all parts of the Orient from Singapore to Yokohama, from which, and from intermediate points, telegrams from the masters of vessels are often received asking information as to the condition of the weather and the probability of encountering a typhoon in the passage they have to make. In addition to this, the approach of all storms is telegraphed from Manila to Hongkong, Macao, Saigon, Shanghai, and Tokyo, so that the apprehension in regard to typhoons, born largely of ignorance as to their probable consequences, has given place to a feeling of greater security, the natural result of knowing the direction which the vortex or center of such storms will probably take, the violence of the wind, and the probable effect of the storm at any given point within the area of depression.

The interesting and scientific account of the climate and storms of the Philippines was prepared for the Philippine census report by Rev. José Algué, S. J., the Director of the Weather Bureau, Manila, whose tireless efforts in behalf of the Manila observatory, and more. especially the meteorological department, which now constitutes the Philippine Weather Bureau, and whose scientific investigations and improvements in the instruments used in observing and recording

atmospheric changes and in indicating the probable path of the storms, whereby the storm center can be avoided, have made him the highest living meteorological authority in the Orient, and placed him among the foremost of the world's scientists.

The Philippine Islands lie in a volcanic belt, which stretches from northeastern Asia southwestwardly nearly to Australia, and includes the volcanic peninsula Kamchatka, the Japanese Islands, and the East India archipelago. This belt is composed in the main of volcanic rocks, and there are in the Philippine Islands several volcanoes which have been in active eruption in recent years and scores which are extinct or dormant. In recent geologic periods the islands have been subject to extensive movements of uplift and depression, and probably such movements are now in progress accompanied by earthquakes and tremors, which are very frequent and in some cases severe.

It is therefore especially fortunate that there has been maintained for many years at Manila one of the best equipped seismic observatories in the world. It contains the finest and most modern instruments for recording the force and direction of earthquake shocks, and is manned with the most skilled observers, who keep careful records of all volcanic and seismic phenomena occurring in the archipelago.

Following Father Algué's account of the climate and storms is a historical account of volcanoes and seismic centers in the Philippine Islands, written for the Philippine census report by the leading authority upon the subject, Rev. M. Saderra Masó, S. J. Father Masó has been connected with the Manila observatory for the past fifteen years, and in 1894 published the first work on Philippine seismology. He has made a careful personal examination of the active and dormant volcanoes of the Philippines and is the author of some very valuable papers on the subject.

The historical sketch prepared by Mr. T. H. Pardo de Tavera, as stated by him, is merely a résumé, and any more extended compilation would have been impracticable in a report of this character. Mr. Tavera is especially qualified, by education and experience, to write the history of the Philippines, and while the facts stated by him are generally correct, and his views are entitled to the greatest consideration, it is not thought that he has given to the religious orders in the Philippines the commendation which their efforts in behalf of the Filipinos fairly merit. A more judicial view of this subject was recently expressed by the Hon. W. H. Taft, Secretary of War, in an address delivered before the faculty and students of the University of Notre Dame, on October 5, 1904. Mr. Taft said:

Magellan, in search of spices, was the first European to land in the Philippine Islands. He lost his life near the present city of Cebú in 1521. The archipelago was not really taken possession of as a colony of Spain until 1565. This was in the reign of Philip II. The colonization of the Philippines had its motive not in gain,