The Development of Mathematics in China and Japan

18th century A₁ Aida Ajima algebra Arithmetic in Nine Arithmetical Classic arranged b₁ Biographical Collections calculating pieces calendar celestial element method century Ch'in Ch'in Chiu-shao chapter Chên China Chinese Chinese mathematics Chiu-chang chord circle circle-measurement circular segment circular theory circumference considered D₁ D₂ diameter divided divisor Dynasty ellipse employed equal equation expression figure follows formula fractions Fujita Geometry given gives Hagiwara Hsü hypotenuse Japan Japanese mathematicians Japanese mathematics jutsu Kurushima length Liu Hui manuscript math mathematicians Ming Ming Dynasty multiplied Nine Sections obtained polygons problem pupil quantity r₁ right triangle root rule sagitta Sampo Sangaku scholars Seki Seki Kōwa Seki's shih side solution solved soroban sphere square studies Suan-ching subtract Sun-Tsŭ Takebe tenzan Tetsujutsu theorem treatise writing wrote X₁ Yang Hui Yenri Yüan Yüan's Biographical