31 Actions for personal injuries resulting from negligence, 3 years; for assault and battery, seduction, or criminal conversation, 2 years.

32 Actions against executors, receivers, or trustees of an insolvent debtor to recover a chattel, or damages for the taking and detaining or injuring of personal property by the defendant or his principal, 3 years.

33 Adverse possession under known and visible boundaries with color of title for 7 years is a bar to individual rights of entry, except as to persons under disabilities.

34 For injury to any incorporeal hereditament, 6 years.

35 Judgments become dormant after 5 years from the date thereof, if no execution be sued out; but may be revived within 21 years thereafter by action brought. 36 Foreign judgments, 1 year.

37 Persons under legal disability are not barred until 30 years after the right of entry accrues. All persons are barred after 40 years from the accruing of their title. 38 For injuries resulting in death, 1 year.

39 Notes signed in the presence of an attesting witness are not barred until 14 years after right of action accrues.

40 Retail-store accounts, 2 years.

41 For the recovery of lands west of the Alleghany mountains, 10 years

42 Personal actions, 5 years, unless it be a cause which dies with the person, in which case, 1 year.

43 For seduction and breach of promise to marry, 3 years.

44 When the cause of action accrues without the state, or on equitable cause of action, 10 years.

45 Ten years after the adverse possession begins, where the occupant claims under a paper title.

46 All foreign claims, judgments, or contracts, contracted or incurred before the debtor became a resident of this state, 2 years.

47 Claims for wages of commercial clerks and board, 1 year; wages of other employes, 2 years.

48 Claims for seduction, 2 years.

There is an almost universal exception made as to the running of the statutes of limitations where the plaintiff is an infant or a person non compos mentis. This exception sometimes extends to persons under other disabilities, as parties imprisoned, or beyond the seas, and, prior to the married women's property acts, women under the disability of coverture were almost universally excepted from the operation of the statute. Unless otherwise provided, the party must begin action within statutory period after the removal of the disability, but in many states, such time after the removal of the disability is limited as follows: Alabama, 3 years, but not more than 20 years in all; Arkansas, 3 years; Connecticut, 5 years for ejectment, 4 years for contract under seal, and 3 years for simple contracts; Georgia, 7 years for infants; Illinois, 2 years; Indiana, 2 years; Iowa, 1 year; Kansas, 2 years for real actions, 1 year for others; Kentucky, no disability may extend the period beyond 30 years; Maryland, 6 years for specialties; New Jersey, 5 years for real actions; New Mexico, 1 year; North Carolina, 5 years for real actions; Ohio, 10 years for real actions; South Carolina, 5 years for real actions, except as to infants; Tennessee, 3 years; Virginia, real actions may not be brought after 20 years from the accruing of the action; West Virginia, 10 years for real actions; Wisconsin, 5 years; Ontario, 5 years, but all actions must be begun within 20 years.

There are further exceptions to the running of the statute where the cause of action has been fraudulently concealed from the plaintiff by the defendant. Where the defendant is absent from the jurisdiction, it is almost universally provided that the running of the statute is thereby postponed.

Generally, a new promise, in order to take a debt or a contract out of the statute of limitations, must be in writing and signed by the party to be charged thereby or his agent thereunto authorized; but this does not alter the effect of payment of principal or interest on such debt or contract to take the same out of the statute. This is the law in Alabama, Arizona, California, Colorado, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, South Carolina, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming, and the province of British Columbia.

MARRIED WOMEN'S SEPARATE

PROPERTY

Alabama.-All property of the wife held by her previous to marriage, or to which she may become entitled after marriage, is her separate property. A married woman may contract as if sole. Her husband must join in the conveyance or encumbrance of her real estate. Personal property may be disposed of by husband and wife by parol or otherwise. The wife must sue and be sued alone for all matters relating to her separate estate and contracts, and for all torts to her person or property.

Arizona.-All real and personal property acquired by either husband or wife before marriage, and afterwards by gift, devise, or descent, with the increase, rents, issues and profits, is separate property, and not liable for the debts of the other. All conveyances of common property should be signed by the wife.

Arkansas.-A married woman may hold separate property and carry on a separate business. If she fail to make a schedule of her separate personal property, the burden of proof of such separate property is on her in a contest where her husband's creditors allege such property to be his. She may convey her separate property without the husband's joinder.

California. -All the property owned by a married woman before marriage, and that afterwards acquired by gift, bequest, devise, or descent, is her separate property. All property acquired by either husband or wife after marriage, except in the manner above specified, is community property. Whenever any property is conveyed to a married woman by an instrument in writing, the presumption is that the title is thereby vested in her as her separate property. A married woman may become a sole trader by the judgment of the superior court of the county in which she has resided for 6 months next preceding the application. She may convey without her husband's assent, and is not liable for her husband's debts, but is liable for her own debts contracted before or after marriage.

Colorado.-Married women may buy, sell, and deal in personal and real property and sell and convey the same as if sole. She is given every right, including the right to vote, that is given her husband, and is subject to all liabilities arising from her contracts the same as if sole. She may make a will disposing of all her property,

both real and personal, without any restriction, except that she cannot dispose by will as against her husband of more than one-half of her estate without her husband's consent; nor is a husband allowed to dispose by will as against his wife of more than one-half of his estate without his wife's consent. It is not necessary that a husband should join with his wife in a conveyance or a mortgage of his wife's property.

Connecticut.-All property of a married woman is separate, as to marriages contracted since April 20, 1877. A wife may contract as fully as if sole. Both husband and wife are liable for articles purchased by either which have gone to the apparel of the wife or the support of the family, but his property shall first be applied to satisfy the joint liability. A wife may convey her realty without her husband's joinder.

Delaware.-The separate property of a married woman consists of all which she owned before marriage, and all acquired afterwards, except from the husband. The husband must join in the conveyance of the real estate; but, if a married woman be abandoned by her husband, she may sell or otherwise dispose of any real estate in this state as effectually as if she were sole, but satisfactory proof must be made that she has been abandoned without just cause, and a certificate to that effect must accompany the acknowledgment. The wife may prosecute and defend suits at law and in equity for the preservation and protection of her property as if she were unmarried, or may do it jointly with her husband.

District of Columbia.-The separate property of a married woman consists of all owned before marriage, or acquired afterwards even by direct conveyance from the husband. The wife has full power to contract (except as surety or guarantor) and convey without the husband's assent. She may carry on any business or trade by herself or jointly with others, and may sue separately.

Florida. --During coverture, the husband is entitled to the care, management, and profits of his wife's property; but a married woman may become a free dealer by an order of the judge of the circuit court obtained upon petition after published notice, proof of her capacity, competency, and qualifications to take charge of and manage her own estate, and publication of the order for 4 weeks. She may then contract and be contracted with, sue and be sued, and bind herself and her estate in all respects as fully as if she were unmarried. The husband must be joined with the wife in the conveyance or mortgage of the wife's property.

Georgia.—The wife may contract in any way as to her separate estate, except that she cannot bind it by any contract of suretyship, nor by any assumption of her husband's debt. If the wife pay the debt of her husband, or convey property in payment of his debt, she

may recover back the money or property, if the creditor had notice. She may not sell to her husband.

Idaho.-All property of a married woman owned by her beforo marriage and all property acquired after marriage by gift, bequest, devise, or descent is her separate property. Property acquired after marriage by either husband or wife, except such as is acquired by gift, bequest, devise, or descent, is community property. The husband has control and management of his wife's separate property, but may not sell or encumber the same except by the execution of an instrument in writing, signed and acknowledged by both husband and wife.

Illinois. -A married woman may contract as if sole, but she may not carry on a partnership business without the consent of her husband. The husband and the wife are jointly liable for the expenses of the family and the education of the children. The wife may dispose of real and personal property in the same manner that her husband can dispose of property belonging to him. Transfers of personal property between husband and wife living together must be in writing, and acknowledged and recorded the same as chattel mortgages.

Indian Territory.-The wife must schedule her personal property; otherwise, the burden of proof rests on her to show in what character it is held. Her separate property is not liable for any debt contracted by her, unless the contract were made with special reference to its being so liable.

Indiana.-A married woman may hold property of every kind, and she may also contract as if sole, except that she may not enter into any contract of suretyship, whether as indorser, guarantor, or in any other manner. The husband must join in a deed conveying her real estate, but she may make leases of real estate for terms of 3 years or less, and execute mortgages to secure purchase money, without the husband joining.

Iowa.-A married woman may contract, sue and be sued, manage, and dispose of her property in the same manner as her husband may. The expenses of the family and education of the children are chargeable on the property of both husband and wife.

Kansas. All property owned at the time of marriage, and the rents, issues, and profits thereof, and all which may afterwards come to her by descent, devise, or bequest, or the gift of any person except her husband, shall be the wife's separate property; also, the earnings of the wife from her trade or labor. The wife may sue and be sued as if unmarried, and may bargain, sell, and convey her property, and enter into any contract with reference to it, in the same manner, to the same extent, and with like effect as a married man may in relation to his real and personal property.