locutory judgment overruling their demurrer is that the contract is void, as being against public policy. We think the contract set forth in the complaint is valid. Neither party to the contract was an officer or director of the bank. The defendants were stockholders only; presumably, were interested in the welfare and success of the bank, and, so far as appears, in good faith desired to promote the best interests of the corporation in which they were thus interested, and to that end they wished to procure the services of the plaintiff, a man of large experience, as cashier, for the period of five years, and by the contract in question, not as directors or officers of the bank, but as individuals, undertook to secure such services. To the end, as we must assume, that the plaintiff should also have a pecuniary interest in the success and welfare of the bank, the defendants required him, as a condition. of his employment, to become a stockholder, and to purchase 50 shares of the capital stock; they agreeing that at any time the plaintiff should cease to be cashier they (the defendants) would purchase from him such stock, at his option, and pay at least $135 per share therefor. The plaintiff agreed that while he remained cashier he would use his influence to promote the best interests of the bank, and to retain in office its then existing board of directors, which, for aught that appears, was for the best interests of the bank. He did not agree to assist in electing the defendants directors, or help to secure to them any other office; nor did he agree to vote his 50 shares of stock in any particular manner or for any particular purpose. This state of facts clearly distinguishes the case at bar from the class of cases relied upon by defendants' counsel. In the case of Fennessy v. Ross, 90 Hun, 298, 35 N. Y. Supp. 868; Id., 5 App. Div. 342, 39 N. Y. Supp. 323, the plaintiff, who was a stockholder in three corporations, entered into a contract by which the defendant agreed to purchase stock of the plaintiff; and the plaintiff agreed that the defendant should have the management of the three corporations, and equal representation with the plaintiff in the board of directors, and an annual salary fixed by the contract. In that case, also, the contract was entirely executory. It was held that such a contract was not enforceable. The same distinction exists between the case at bar and the case of Guernsey v. Cook, 120 Mass. 501. So far as we have been able to discover, it has not yet been held by any court that two stockholders of a corporation may not legitimately agree between themselves to use their influence jointly to secure the election of a certain board of directors of such corporation, even if one of such stockholders happens to be its cashier, provided only that the proposed agreement is entered into in good faith, and for the purpose of promoting the best interests of the corporation, and in fact does promote its best interests. Barnes v. Brown, 80 N. Y. 527. But in addition, the contract having been fully performed by the plaintiff, and the defendants having had the benefit of such performance for a period of four years, they ought not now to be allowed to urge its invalidity. In the case of Wall Paper Co. v. Hobbs, 90 Hun, 288, 35 N. Y. Supp. 932, the court said:

"It is urged, however, upon the part of the defendant, that the contract which was entered into by his firm and himself with the plaintiff was void, because it was part of a corrupt and wicked conspiracy against the law and

and 112 New York State Reporter

public policy of this state, in that it was a combination of manufacturers for the purpose of putting up the price of goods, and down the price of wages. In view of the fact that the defendant retained the price which was paid for his corrupt and wicked agreement, it is difficult to see how he can claim that he should be absolved from its obligations, or how he can claim, being a party to the instrument, and having received that which he considered an adequate consideration for the restraint which was put upon his volition, that such restraint should be removed, and he be permitted to enjoy the fruits of what he claims to be his unlawful agreement. We do not think that the defendant is in a position to attack this contract,-certainly not with its fruits in his pocket."

One who accepts and retains the benefits of a contract cannot allege, as a defense to an action upon it, that it is void as against public policy. Noble v. McGurk, 16 Misc. Rep. 461, 39 N. Y. Supp. 921; Newman v. Nellis, 97 N. Y. 285: Ryan v. Dox, 34 N. Y. 307, 90 Am. Dec. 696.

The conclusion is reached that the interlocutory judgment overruling the demurrer should be affirmed, with costs, with leave to the defendants to answer within 20 days after entry and service of a copy of this order.

Interlocutory judgment affirmed, with costs, with leave to defendants to answer plaintiff's complaint within 20 days after entry and service of a copy of this order upon them, and upon payment of the costs of the demurrer and of this appeal.

SPRING, J., concurs in second ground stated in opinion. HISCOCK, J., concurs in result.

DAVY, J. (dissenting). The principal question in this case is whether the contract which is made a part of the complaint is void as against public policy. The effect of the contract was to control the plaintiff as a stockholder and an officer of the bank, in retaining the old board of directors in office during the period of five years. The plaintiff occupied a position of trust and confidence, which required him to look only to the best interests of the corporation; but this contract placed him under obligation to vote to retain the old board. of directors in office, even though it was for the best interests of the corporation to elect new directors. The defendants, in consideration of the plaintiff purchasing the 50 shares of stock, and using his influence to keep the old board of directors in office, agreed to elect him cashier of said bank for five years. A stockholder who acts with others in a matter of common interest to all has no right to secure to himself any particular profit or advantage over his associates by any secret or undisclosed agreement. Adams v. Outhouse, 45 N. Y. 322, 323; Bliss v. Matteson, 45 N. Y. 22. It would be a fraud upon the other stockholders of the corporation. The defendants had no power to control the business of the corporation, or to enter into a contract binding the plaintiff to exercise his influence to retain the services of the old board of directors. It appears upon the face of this agreement that it must have been made for the private advantage and benefit of the parties thereto. The defendants were evidently attempting to get control of the corporation to shape its policy and control its busi

ness.

The facts are similar in many respects to the case of Guernsey

v. Cook, 120 Mass. 501. It was there held that a contract by which a stockholder in a corporation, in consideration of the purchase of a part of his stock at a price named, agreed to secure to the purchaser the office of treasurer of the corporation, with a fixed salary, and, in case of his removal, to repurchase the stock, was void as against public policy, and was a fraud on the other members of the corporation, in the absence of evidence that the transaction was not for a private benefit of the shareholder, or that it was consented to by the other members of the corporation. It was plainly the intent of the parties to this contract to place it beyond the power of the corporation for five years to change its directors, and to take from the directors. the power to appoint or elect any other cashier than the plaintiff, even though he should prove unfaithful to his trust. The power to appoint and remove officers of the corporation rests with the directors, and this power cannot be taken away by a contract made by any of the stockholders. The stockholders have but few functions. All contracts of a corporation are usually made by or under the direction of the board of directors. They have the exclusive power to make corporate contracts. They appoint or elect the officers of the bank, and they can act only as a board duly notified and assembled. The members of the board cannot individually, outside of the meeting, make any contract that will bind the corporation, unless the contract is subsequently ratified by the board of directors. Courts do not permit stockholders or directors to trade or barter away the offices of a corporation for their own private advantage, and, when such contracts are attempted to be enforced, courts have uniformly held that they were void as against public policy. Fennessy v. Ross, 5 App. Div. 342, 39 N. Y. Supp. 323; Id., 90 Hun, 293, 35 N. Y. Supp. 868; Barnes v. Brown, 80 N. Y. 537; Bliss v. Matteson, 45 N. Y. 22; Barr v. Railroad Co., 125 N. Y. 274, 26 N. E. 145. The rule laid down in Fennessy v. Ross, 90 Hun, 298, 35 N. Y. Supp. 868, is applicable to this case. The court held that contracts entered into by directors and officers of a corporation for the purpose of trading upon, or attempting to barter away, the interests of a corporation, for their private advantage, are void as against public policy. The same case came before the appellate division (5 public_policy. App. Div. 344, 39 N. Y. Supp. 323) upon an appeal from an interlocutory judgment sustaining a demurrer to and dismissing the amended complaint. The court says:

"We are unable to see that there is any real difference between the case as it stood upon the original complaint and as it now stands upon this amended complaint. It still remains that the plaintiff was bartering away the offices of the companies and a representation in their board of directors. It was not only a contract by which the plaintiff, as part of the consideration for the money he was to receive for his shares, agreed to make the purchaser a general manager and the vice president of the corporation, but he also agreed to keep him there at a compensation of $1,500 for the first year, and at a larger compensation afterwards."

The court held that this contract was void as against public policy, and was a fraud on the other members of the corporation.

If stockholders are dissatisfied with any of the officers of the bank, their remedy is to induce the directors to elect other officers in the manner and at the time provided by the charter. No stockholder has

and 112 New York State Reporter

a right to employ officers or interfere with the management of a banking corporation, nor can the board of directors be controlled by any stockholder in the exercise of discretionary powers conferred upon them by the charter. The affairs of a bank must necessarily be under the exclusive control of its directors, and they are required to perform the duties thereof in such a way as to promote the best interests of the stockholders. Cassidy v. Uhlmann, 170 N. Y. 516, 63 N. E. 554. In Smith v. Hurd, 12 Metc. (Mass.) 371, 385, 46 Am. Dec. 690, the relations of stockholders to a banking corporation are stated by Chief Justice Shaw with his usual clearness and precision. He said:

"Individual members of a corporation, whether they should all join, or each act severally, have no right or power to intermeddle with the property or concerns of the bank, or call any officer, agent, or servant to account, or discharge them from any liability."

The power to employ the cashier and the other officers of the bank rested solely with the board of directors. The agreement, therefore, was unauthorized by the bank, and was invalid, as contrary to public policy.

While it is true that the objection raised by the defendant that the contract is illegal comes with no good grace from him, it is not allowed to prevail against him on the ground that he is in the right, but for the public good, and also for the reason that the court will not lend its aid to either party to enforce a contract that is void as against public policy.

The demurrer to the complaint should be sustained, with costs.

WILLIAMS, J., concurred.

MACKEY v. MEXICAN CENT. RY. CO.

(City Court of New York, Special Term. December, 1902.)

1. ACTION FOR PERSONAL INJURIES-COMPLAINT-PLEADING FOREIGN LAWS. In an action in New York by a resident thereof against a foreign corporation for personal injuries, sustained through defendant's negligence in an accident in a foreign country, it is not necessary to state in the complaint the foreign law.

Action by one Mackey against the Mexican Central Railway Company. Demurrer to complaint for insufficiency of facts overruled. Joseph Fischer, for plaintiff.

John D. Lindsay and Franklin H. Mills, for defendant.

O'DWYER, J. In an action brought in this state by a resident thereof against a foreign corporation to recover damages for personal injuries sustained through the negligence of the defendant, a common carrier, in an accident which occurred in the republic of Mexico, it is not necessary to state in the complaint the law of the foreign country. Actions for injuries to the person committed abroad are sustained without proof in the first instance of the lex loci, upon the presumption that the right to compensation for such injuries is recognized by the

laws of all countries. Whitford v. Railroad Co., 23 N. Y. 465; McDonald v. Mallory, 77 N. Y. 546, 33 Am. Rep. 664; Monroe v. Douglass, 5 N. Y. 447; Savage v. O'Neil, 44 N. Y. 298; Hynes v. McDermott, 82 N. Y. 41, 37 Am. Rep. 538; Id., 91 N. Y. 451, 43 Am. Rep. 677; Stokes v. Macken, 62 Barb. 145. If the law of the republic of Mexico denies the plaintiff's right to compensation for the wrong complained of, that is matter of defense, and not part of the plaintiff's cause of action; for the courts will not presume the existence of a state of the law in any country by which compensation is not provided for such injuries.

Demurrer overruled, with costs, with leave to answer over within six days upon payment of costs.

(Surrogate's Court, Kings County. October, 1902.)

1. EXECUTORS-MORTGAGES AGAINST ESTATE.

Where testator had given mortgages to an executor on property of which he died seised, such mortgages need not be established as claims on the judicial settlement by the executor of his accounts.

2. SAME CONTESTING ACCOUNT-COSTS.

Where a settlement of an executor's account shows that the estate owes the executor more than he has been surcharged as a result of a contest, as no material benefit has resulted to the estate, contestants are not entitled to costs.

In the matter of the accounting of James S. Eadie, executor. Motion to confirm referee's report. Granted.

Shipman, Larocque & Choate (Frederic A. Ward and Henry B. Pogson, of counsel), for executor.

Andrew J. Provost, for contestants.

William H. Ford, special guardian, for Ford S. Cole, William M. Cole, Sr., William M. Cole, Jr., and Secor A. Cole.

CHURCH, S. This is a motion to confirm a referee's report. Except the legal proposition, which I will consider hereafter, the various questions which were argued before the referee turn principally upon the construction that he should give upon the evidence that was advanced. I have examined the evidence, the referee's report, and the briefs of counsel, with considerable care. The referee had the benefit of the parties appearing before him, and could observe their demeanor and method of testifying. From this he has drawn certain conclusions, and there is nothing shown upon the papers which would indicate that he has made any error, except that the counsel for the contestants assumes that the evidence is entitled to a different interpretation. Upon these questions, therefore, it is unnecessary for me to say anything further, except that the referee, by his opinion, appears to give the same very careful attention and consideration, and to have thoroughly appreciated the importance of the various ques

1. See Executors and Administrators, vol. 22, Cent. Dig. § 773.