At the rapids of the Globe mills, or French's and other parts of Guilderland, this rock stands in perpendicular facades, from eighty to, perhaps, a hundred and twenty feet high. They are least prominent opposite the Boulder banks at Mulberry hill, near the entrance of the Honger kill. At lower points of its course, the valley assumes a greater expansion; and its precipices have suffered more from the degradations of elemental action. The river finally enters the Hudson, two miles south of the city, between the ancient Iroquois cemetery of Tawasentha and Kiddenhooghten.

*

*This curious natural mound, or hillock, is connected with the It was a spot diluvial formation, by a narrow rock, or peninsula. sacred to sepulture, from the earliest time; and furnished them a natural cognomen for the stream. There is no object of higher antiquarian interest in the vicinity, and it is worthy of municipal care.

THE CITY'S ANCIENT RAVINES.

Three considerable streams of water, which anciently traversed the city, have within the memory of many inhabitants, been converted into sewers, namely, the Foxen kill, the Rutten kill and the Bever kill. The Foxen kill, when the city was first settled, and for a long time after, afforded abundance of fish. It ran outside of the stockades, which for a great many years formed the northern boundary of the city. It is but little more than a quarter of a century since it was crossed by a bridge in North Pearl street, near Orange.

The Rutten kill was a lesser stream, having its source above Lark street, but which sent down a formidable volume of water in times of freshet. The inhabitants of the upper end of Beaver street, have an inkling of what It may have been when they are refreshed by a heavy rain storm. This also was a never-failing brook, stored with fish, and was the only one that came within the old city walls. Passing down the Hudson street ravine, it crossed Pearl street where the Congregational church stands, and entered the river a few feet below State street. In the oldest map of the city 1676, (see Annals vol. iv, p. 200), a brug marks the spot where it crossed the street now called Broadway. The city records frequently allude to these bridges. In January, 1701, we find the following entry:

"It is further concluded since ye Bridges by Coll. Schuyler's doth decay, that Mr. Roseboom, Hendrik Oothout and Harpert Jacobse vizite ye same, and make returne ye next court what is required to be repaired."

A meeting was held on the next day, when the following report was made:

"Relating the bridge at Coll. Schuyler's, ye gentlemen yesterday appointed to vizite ye same do return that it requires to be repaired with one oak logg, of 17 foot, 12

inches square; four posts, 10 foot, 10 inches square; two pine loggs of 10 foot, 1 foot square; three ditto 17 foot apiece; three ditto of 20 foot; and one of 37 foot."

In 1706 the following entry was made in the common council minutes relating to another of these bridges:

"The petition of William Hogen relating ye bridge by ye Lutheran church being much out of repair desyreing that ye Common Councill will take ye same into there wise consideration yt ye Bridge be repaired. It is

"Resolved that in convenient time ye same shall be made sufficient to passe and repasse without danger."

The Lutheran church alluded to occupied the ground of the Market house in South Pearl street, and its burial ground was the site of the vegetable market adjoining. Pearl Street, for a century after this, was but a lane, many persons now living remembering when a gate swung across it at State street.

On the 13th April, 1706, the following record was made in the common council minutes:

"As to ye Bridge towards ye Lutheriaen church, Mr. Hansen is agreed to make a sufficient and strong new bridge, laid with good plank two inches thick, wherefore he is to receive ye £5: 10 due from Evert Janse."

Two years later we find the following entry:

"The Commonalty being informed yt ye Bridge over ye Rutten kill in ye street lately known by ye name of ye ffuddamart is very much out of repair & decade, doe therefore order yt ye sd Bridge shall be made anew and yt Mr. Robt. Livingston & Coenraet Ten Eyk are appointed to see ye sd bridge made upon ye Citty charges."

"September 28. This day Mr. Robt. Livingston, Jun. & Conraet ten Eyk brought in their acct of makeing of ye Bridge over ye Rutten kill in ye street calld ye fodde mart, amounting in all after £2: 9: is deducted, wh is payd to them £7: 14: 4 wh is approved of by ye Commonalty & ordered yt those persons are to have credt in ye Citty book for what there is due to them."

Whether the name of this creek is derived from rats, as some suppose, it is infested with myriads of the lusti

est specimens of that vermin to this day. The creek is now a sewer throughout its entire length. The grading of the ravine which it traversed was nearly completed in 1847, from Hawk to Lark street, and from Lydius to State. So late as 1827 it was an unbroken waste. Eagle street then extended no farther than the Lancaster School, now the Medical College. There were not a dozen buildings even on Lydius street from Pearl to Lark. When the unfortunate Strang was executed in its grassy valley in the above mentioned year, its green hills on either side were darkened by a multitude numbering full thirty thousand. The clay banks on Lydius street furnished the city with bricks for a great number of years. During a period of about three years, two hundred and fifty men and sixty teams were employed upon the work of grading and filling this large area. The ravine, three hundred feet broad and fifty feet deep received the lofty banks upon its borders, and was raised to a convenient grade, whereby a large tract was reclaim. ed for habitation, that had been useless except for brick kilns, or basins where water gathered, furnishing reservoirs for bathing and fishing to truant boys. Not less than six hundred thousand yards excavation was made in blue clay, and an equal amount of filling was done by one contractor. By this improvement Hudson street has become the most inviting avenue to the city, and comely blocks of dwellings already adorn most of the streets which intersect the area of the ancient Rutten kill.

SCRAPS FROM THE DUTCH RECORDS.

The fort at Albany, the first Fort Orange, was built in 1614 by Hendrik Christianse. There is a dispute where it was situated, although it is usually located on the Island at the lower end of the city.

Barent Van Slechtenhorst, agent for the patroon, hav. ing quarreled with Gov. Stuyvessant about a question of jurisdiction, was arrested in 1652 and confined at New Amsterdam several months.

There was a great mortality of cattle here in 1661. Also very high water Oct. 11 of the same year.

Brick imported from Holland sold in 1661 for $4.16 a thousand, payable in beaver skins.

The small pox produced great mortality at this place in 1663.

In the oath of allegiance taken by the officers of gov ernment, they swore to "maintain the reformed religion in conformity to the word of God and the decrees of the synod of Dordrecht."

As early as 1628 frequent mention is made of blacks owned as slaves in the colony.

The custom of sons adopting the Christian names of their fathers for their own surnames, came into use as early as 1638, and leads to a good deal of confusion. Thus Gerrit, the son of Wolfert Gerritsen, was known as Gerrit Wolfertsen-that is, Gerrit the son of Wolfert. Seven morgens of land were equal to fifteen acres.

When two fought with knives, a custom of frequent occurrence at this time, the survivor was held guilty of murder if he stabbed his antagonist and death ensued; but only of manslaughter if he cut or slashed him. In 1642 fighting with knives was wholy prohibited.

A beaver skin was worth 2s 6d in 1641.