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caused great indignation in Natal, partly on account of his being an unknown man, and partly because he had previously served under Sir Hercules Robinson in Ceylon. This last circumstance, it was considered, showed a wish to render the Government of Natal in a position of too great subordination to that of the Cape Colony. Public meetings were held denouncing the appointment, and it was even suggested that it should be made impossible for Mr. Sendall to land, unless under the protection of British troops.

Resolutions passed the Legislature in favour of altering the appointment from a Lieutenant-Governorship to a Governorship, and raising the salary to 4,000l. per annum in order that, the choice being greater, some other gentleman of superior standing and reputation might be appointed. Eventually, although the appointment of Mr. Sendall was warmly defended by Mr. Courtney, Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies, in a speech to his constituents at Liskeard, the Government thought well to give way to the popular clamour. Mr. Sendall placed his appointment in the hands of Lord Kimberley, and Sir Henry Bulwer, who had been Lieutenant-Governor of Natal at the time of the Zulu War, was appointed Governor.

In Zululand there were disturbances between John Dunn and Sitimela, resulting in the discomfiture of the latter. The agitation in favour of the return of Cetywayo met with but little favour in Natal, and public meetings were held at which resolutions were passed strongly opposing any such idea, and a resolution was passed by the Legislature deprecating Cety wayo's return as dangerous to the peace both of Zululand and the Colony.

At Walwich Bay also things were far from quiet, one cause being the quarrels between the French and German missionaries, the latter of whom were accused by the former of inciting the natives against them, but of the truth of this accusation there are not at present sufficient means of judging.

CHAPTER VII.

CANADA-UNITED STATES- -CENTRAL AMERICA, MEXICO, ETC.-WEST INDIES BRAZIL-ARGENTINE REPUBLIC, URUGUAY, ETC.-CHILI, PERU, AND BOLIVIA.

I. CANADA.

Ar the close of the survey of Canadian history during 1880, we expressed an opinion that the Government scheme for the construction of a railway through Canada to the Pacific Ocean was almost certain to receive the approval of Parliament. This anticipation was verified early in the year 1881. After a protracted

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decade."

While the Canadian Pacific Railway is now in course of construction at a rapid rate, another undertaking of great magnitude, the Intercolonial Railway, has become remunerative. For several years the annual deficit of that railway was considerable, and the line itself was regarded as a serious burden to the Dominion. As much as a dollar-and-a-half had to be expended in order to secure the return of one dollar. This ruinous state of things was entirely reversed last year, the expenditure then being less than the nett earnings. A surplus accrued at the end of the year. In another important particular the prosperity of Canada was marked. The revenue showed an elasticity which pleased the upholders of the 'National' policy. The receipts from Customs and Excise during the five months, from July 1 to November 30 inclusive, contrast, as follows, with those in the corresponding period of 1880 :—

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With the exception of the discussion concerning the Pacific Railway, the debates in the Dominion Legislature were not exciting. The administration of Sir John Macdonald preserved alike its popularity and its large working majority. At the close of the Session, the Governor-General congratulated Parliament upon the amount of practical legislation which had been concluded. This legislation embraced the Pacific Railway Act, Acts for extending the boundaries of Manitoba, amending the naturalisation laws, for consolidating and amending the railway Acts, for extending the system of electric cables in the river and gulf of St. Lawrence, and for promoting the civilisation of the Indians in the North-West.

Last year promises to be noteworthy in the history of Canada, owing to the beginning then made to utilise the vast deposits of minerals on the Canadian shore of Lake Superior. On that shore, and on the Island of Michipicoten, the existence of native copper has been known for centuries. When the Jesuit fathers explored Lake Superior upwards of two hundred years ago, they found quantities of copper in its native or metallic form, on what is now Canadian territory. For many years the citizens of the United States have worked the mineral deposits on their side of the Lake. The product of their mines has been 300,000 tons of metallic copper, valued at about 30,000,000l. sterling. The result has been to convert the wilderness of the lake part of Michigen into a busy and thriving district. Two English Joint Stock Companies, Michipicoten Native Copper, and the Lake Superior Native Copper, were established last year in order to effect a like transformation on the Canadian shore of the Lake, and at the same

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Though Mr. Hayes was not a President of excipu LES BLITZ, he had the tact or good fortune to select the advisers, and to be guided by them. During his administration the soczty doɑnsbed. When he became President, the national debt was $20890 when he left office, the debt had been reduced to #185000 Mr. Sherman, the Secretary of the Treasury, reduced the annual interest on the debt from $94,500,000 to $76,750,000, while be left behind him an overflowing Treasury, the amount contained therein being $173,000,000 in gold, and $4,000,000 in silver. These results were largely due to bountiful harvests and the revived trade of the country. During the first year of Mr. Hayes's presidency the cotton crop was 4,485,423 bales; during the last it had risen to 5,761,252. During the first year the production of wool was 207,000,000 lbs.; during the last it had risen to 264,000,000 lbs. During the first year 364,000,000 bushels of wheat were grown; during the last, 481,000,000; while the production of Indian corn in the two years was 1,342,000,000 and 1,537,000,000 bushels respectively. During the first year the quantity of iron produced was 2,066,594 tons, and of coal 54,308,250 tons; during the last it was 3,835,191 tons of iron, and 69,200,934 tons of coal. The export of live-stock during the

first year was valued at $4,205,893; it was valued in the last year at $20,681,738. The exports of food had risen from a value of a little over $269,000,000 to $465,000,000. The value of the foreign trade during the first year was $639,000,000 in exports, and $476,000,000 in imports; during the last year the value had risen to $915,000,000 in exports, and $703,000,000 in imports. These tokens of prosperity excited the pride of the citizens of the United States; yet they would not have erred if, while rejoicing over the retrospect, they had refrained from considering the excess of exports over imports a subject for unmixed self-gratulation.

President Garfield took the oath of office and delivered his inaugural message on March 4. The first part of the address was directed to a survey of the progress which had been made during the century of the republic's existence. He noted that, under the present constitution, "thirty-five States have been added to the Union, with constitutions and laws, framed and enforced by their own citizens, to secure the manifold blessings of local self-government. The jurisdiction of this constitution now covers an area fifty times greater than that of the original thirteen States, and a population twenty times greater than that of 1780." He held that the civil war had secured the Union for ever, and, as a consequence, "the supremacy of the nation and its laws should be no longer a subject of debate." He considered "the elevation of the negro race from slavery to the full rights of citizenship the most important political change we have known since the adoption of the Constitution of 1787." He believed the progress of the negroes since their emancipation to have been very remarkable. He thought the freed negroes deserving of the generous encouragement of all good men, and he intimated that, so far as his authority extended, "they should enjoy the full and equal protection of the constitution and laws." He went on to depict the country as unprecedentedly prosperous. Much of the prosperity he attributed to the maintenance of public credit and the resumption of specie payments under the administration of his predecessor. He pledged himself that "the finances of the Government shall suffer no detriment which it may be possible for my administration to prevent." He thought that the interests of agriculture should obtain more attention than they had yet received, and that the steady and healthy growth of manufactures should be fostered. Referring to the Panama Canal, he declared that American interests in connection with it must be protected, adding, "We urge no narrow policy, nor seek peculiar or exclusive privileges in any commercial route; but, in the language of my predecessor, I believe it to be the right and duty of the United States to assert and maintain such supervision and authority over any interoceanic canal across the isthmus that connects North and South America as will protect our national interests. He expressed an opinion that, while absolute religious freedom should

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