Inaugural Address. The number of words in each address, and number of times the pronoun "I" was used: ..2,772 13 Washington-first term..1,300 20 | Buchanan... Grant- first term 4 Hayes.... Jackson- first term ..1,116 11 B. Harrison Van Buren.... W. H. Harrison Tyler. Polk 6 Cleveland. 362 15 1,139 39 .1,332 24 .2,472 16 .2,949 10 431 1 .1,688 5 .4,588 20 .2,029 18 .3,884 38 McKinley — first term ...3,975 19 .8,578 38 McKinley-second term..2,223 10 .1,643 15 Roosevelt... .4,904 18 Roosevelt No inaugural ..977 0 INAUGURATION OF THE VICE-PRESIDENT. The Vice-President elect is always sworn in prior to the President, taking the oath of office in the United States Senate, it being administered by the presiding officer of that body. This presiding officer may be a retiring Vice-President, or a United States Senator elected by his colleagues as President pro tempore. OATH: "I, do solemnly swear that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic: that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same: that I take this obligation freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion, and I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about to enter: So help me God." THE CABINET. The Cabinet as now constituted was not contemplated by the Constitution. It is not found in the Constitution or laws, nor is it in any way a legal body. The substitution of a secretary for the committees that prior to 1782 had the foreign affairs in charge, was the nucleus of suggesting the establishment of the Executive Department or Cabinet. Article II., Sec. 2, authorizes the President to "require the opinion in writing of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices." That these officers constitute a cabinet, rests wholly upon usage. Washington originated the practice of consulting all the heads of departments on important measures, and by later Presidents they have generally been convened for joint consultation, until cabinet meetings to determine the course of the administration have come to be expected as a matter of course; as such, however, they have no legal duties to perform, the President deferring to their advice, but not obliged to follow it in any particular, the Constitution holding the President alone responsible for the performance of executive business. A Cabinet is a privy council, not a ministry. At the same time the heads of departments have a legal responsibility as defined by law; under certain contingencies the members of the Cabinet are recognized as an essential part of the executive branch, under certain occurrences the office of President devolving upon one of their number. See 66 Succession," page 287. No official record is made of Cabinet proceedings, as its conclusions are recommendatory only. All executive records are kept in the several departments. The President's office is not an office of record. A bureau is a subordinate department to which particular matters are assigned, with a view to a prompt and orderly administration, e.g. Diplomatic Bureau, Consular Bureau, etc. A division is a section of a bureau, over which there is a division chief, e.g. correspondence with foreign nations is assigned to Division A. The Cabinet is appointed by the President by and with the advice and consent of the Senate; members removed at pleasure of the President. The Cabinet take rank at the Cabinet table in the following order: The restriction concerning trade is confined to the office of the Secretary of the Treasury, also the First Comptroller and First Auditor of the Treasury (the Treasurer and Register of the Treasury) : "No person appointed to the office of Secretary of the Treasury or First Comptroller, or First Auditor, or Treasurer or Register, shall directly or indirectly be concerned or interested in the carrying on the business of trade or commerce, or be the owner in whole or in part of any sea vessel, or purchase by himself, or another in trust for him, any public lands or other public property, or be concerned in the purchase or disposal of any public securities of any State, or of the United States, or take or apply to his own use any emolument or gain for negotiating or transacting any business in the Treasury Department, other than what shall be allowed by law; and every person who offends against any of the prohibitions of this section shall be deemed guilty of a high misdemeanor and forfeit to the United States the penalty of three thousand dollars, and shall upon conviction be removed from office, and forever thereafter be incapable of holding any office under the United States; and if any other person than a public prosecutor shall give information of any such offence, upon which a prosecution and conviction shall be had, one-half the aforesaid penalty of three thousand dollars, when recovered, shall be for the use of the person giving such information." Sec. 243, Revised Statutes of the United States. A President who succeeds himself is not required to renominate his Cabinet. Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, Jackson, and Lincoln did not renominate their Cabinets. Grant was the first to submit the entire list of his Cabinet to the Senate at the beginning of his second term, and this not done until March 17 (1873), and the fact Cabinet officers could remain two weeks in office without renomination, established the principle that they might remain four years, or the pleasure of the President during his term. The Confederate Constitution granted each Cabinet officer a seat in either House, with the right of debate on any measure relating to his department. See Art. I., Sec. 6, C. S. A. Constitution, page 113. The word Cabinet is of French origin, being the diminutive of cabine, a small room. Its present adaptation is from the English, with whom it originated in the time of George I. He was ignorant of the English language, therefore could take no part in the deliberations of his Privy Council. His Ministers consulted in his absence in the private room of the King, or his cabinet, subsequently informing him of the result; so that that portion of the Privy Council supposed to possess more particularly the confidence of the Sovereign was spoken of as the Cabinet Council. In England to-day the Cabinet is unknown to the law; the names of its members are never officially announced to the public; no record kept of its meetings and resolutions; its members sworn to secrecy, which is preserved inviolate after retirement from office. The Cabinet has never been recognized by an Act of Parliament. PRESIDENTIAL CABINET OFFICES. STATE. 66 Committees of the Continental Congress, preferring to manage foreign affairs, on April 17, 1777, established the Committee on Foreign Affairs,' the successor of the "Committee of Secret Correspondence," selected November 29, 1775. August 10, 1781, the "Department of Foreign Affairs" established, Robert R. Livingston being selected as Secretary, taking office September 23, 1781, as “Secretary for Foreign Affairs." Congress at this time exercised all executive powers, so under its ruling all matters were transmitted to Congress, the Secretary being "permitted" to attend the sessions "that he may be better informed of the affairs of the United States, and have an opportunity of explaining his reports." In February, 1782, the title changed to "Secretary of the United States of America for the Department of Foreign Affairs," yet all foreign correspondence required to be submitted to Congress for its approval, so that office was virtually "Secretary of Congress." Livingston resigned June 4, 1783, to accept the office of Chancellor of the State of New York. The new Government under the Constitution, by Act of the First Congress, passed" An Act for establishing an Executive Department, to be denominated the Department of Foreign Affairs,' and its principal officer as the 'Secretary for the Department of Foreign Affairs.'" It became a law July 27, 1789. As it became necessary to enlarge its operations and duties, the President, September 15, 1789, approved "an Act to provide for the safe-keeping of the acts, records, and seal of the United States, and for other purposes," in the first section of which it was provided that the Executive Department, denominated the Department of Foreign Affairs,' shall hereafter be denominated the Department of State,' and the principal officer therein shall be called the 'Secretary of State.'" Jefferson was appointed Secretary of State September 26, 1789, entering upon its duties March 21, 1790; John Jay (although never commissioned as such under the new Government) filling its duties until Jefferson assumed the Secretaryship. DUTIES. เ Secretary to perform and execute such duties as are from time to time enjoined or intrusted to him by the President of the United States, agreeable to the Constitution, relative to correspondence, commissions, or instructions to or with public ministers and consuls of the United States, or negotiations with public ministers from foreign States and princes, or memorials or other applications from foreign public ministers or other foreigners or such other matters respecting foreign affairs as the President may assign to the Department, the business thereof to be conducted in such manner as the President shall from time to time order. In correspondence with the foreign office of another nation, the Secretary of State, as a medium of communication, uses the Ambassador or Minister of the foreign country, delivering to him the notes communicated to his home office. The Secretary, if he so wish, can use our Minister at the foreign court to conduct the correspondence under instructions. He receives and supervises the publication of the laws passed by Congress, and affixes the seal of the United States to civil communications. He is the Custodian of the Seal of the United States. He is the Custodian of the treaties made with foreign States and of the laws of the United States; he grants and issues passports; publishes the laws and resolutions of Congress, amendments to the Constitution, and proclamations declaring the admission of new States into the Union. DEPARTMENTS. Diplomatic Bureau ; Consular Bureau; Bureau of Indexes and Archives; Bureau of Accounts; Bureau of Rolls and Library; Bureau of Appointments; Bureau of American Republics (1890). TREASURY. Treasury Department established by Act of Congress, first session of Congress under the Constitution, September 2, 1789, principal officer, Secretary of the Treasury, and additional officials; a Comptroller, an Auditor, a Treasurer, a Register, and an Assistant to the Secretary of the Treasury. See "trade restriction," under "The Cabinet," page 317-18. Act of Congress, May 8, 1792, abolished the office of Assistant to the Secretary of the Treasury, in its stead creating office of Commissioner of the Revenue. Act of Congress, April 6, 1802, office of Commissioner of the Revenue abolished. Act of Congress, July 24, 1813, reëstablished office of Commissioner of the Revenue. Act of Congress, December 23, 1817, office of Commissioner of the Revenue abolished. Act of Congress, April 25, 1812, established the General Land Office, creating the office of Commissioner of the General Land Office, transferring the land duties from the State Department to the Treasury. The Treasury is the third department in order of date. The present organization derived from legislation in Appropriation Act, March 3, 1875. DUTIES. The Secretary manages national finances; plans for the improvement of the revenue and the support of the public credit; prescribes the forms of keeping and rendering public accounts and of making returns; grants all warrants for moneys drawn from the Treasury in pursuance of appropriations made by Congress, and for payment of moneys into the Treasury; reports to the Senate and House, in person or in writing, information required by them appertaining to his office, and performs all duties relative to the finances that he is directed to perform; orders the collection, deposit, transfer, safe-keeping, and disbursement of the revenue, directs the auditing and settling of accounts thereof. He controls the construction of public buildings; coinage and printing of money; the Revenue Cutter and Marine Hospital branches of the public service. BUREAUS. First Auditor, September 2, 1789; Second Auditor, March 3, 1817; Third Auditor, March 3, 1817, in lieu of Accountant of War Department, created by Act of Congress, May 8, 1792; Fourth Auditor and |