The Philosophy of GeologySimpkin, Marshall and Company, 1847 - 184 halaman |
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actual order æther alluvium analogy antecedent appear argument atoms azoic basis beds causes CHAPTER clay composed consequent facts considered creation cretaceous crystalline rocks crystalline schists crystals of quartz deposited destruction doctrine earth elective affinities Encyclopædia Britannica epoch established order eternity existence favour felspar felspathic fossils French language geologists geology gneiss and micaschist granite Hutton Huttonian hypothesis idea of causation igneous fusion igneous stratification invariable John Leeds liquid Liverpool London Lyell Manchester mass melted matter metamorphic mica Murchison Neptunian formations Neptunian Rocks Neptunian strata opinion order of nature organic oxygen periods Permian phenomena philosophy primitive principle produced Professor Puy-de-Dôme quartz question refrigeration remarks result schists Silurian Sir Roderick Socius solid crust solid envelope space specific affinities specific gravity speculations stratification stratification of crystalline suppose supposition surface terrestrial globe theory Thomas tion tourmaline traces uniformity Ural Ural mountains Vulcanian Rocks William
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Halaman 25 - For having, in the natural history of this earth, seen a succession of worlds, we may from this conclude that there is a system in Nature; in like manner as, from seeing revolutions of the planets, it is concluded, that there is a system by which they are intended to continue those revolutions. But if the succession of worlds is established in the system of nature, it is in vain to look for anything higher in the origin of the earth. The result, therefore, of this physical inquiry is, that we find...
Halaman 111 - ... heated surface, reduced strata thousands of yards thick to a state of semi-fusion, so that on cooling they have become crystalline, like gneiss. Granite may have been another result of the same action in a higher state of intensity, by which a thorough fusion has been produced ; and in this manner the passage from granite into gneiss may be explained.
Halaman 129 - ... of organic species and the order of superposition of beds, such a relation of contemporaneousness, that the remains of fossil species have become the best criterion of the age of the beds. § in. Here comes again, in another of its phases, the question of the eternity of the established order. Those who refuse to recognise the previous existence of the globe as an inorganic matter deprived of organic inhabitants, or who, in other words, defend the doctrine of the eternity of actual causes, required,...
Halaman 20 - A Cause, therefore, in the fullest definition which it philosophically admits, may be said to be that which immediately precedes any change, and which, existing at any time in similar circumstances, has been always and will be always, immediately followed by a similar change. Priority in the sequence observed, and invariableness of antecedence in the past and future sequences supposed, are the elements combined in the notion of a cause.
Halaman 68 - ... direction, and to attract and cohere together in another, and in the end become arranged into a regular form, which under equal circumstances is always the same for any given kind of matter ; that is, crystals are formed. Time and freedom of motion for the particles of bodies are necessary to the formation of crystals. If we force a fluid or a gas to become suddenly solid, leaving no time for its particles to arrange themselves, and cohere in that direction in which the cohesive attraction is...
Halaman 19 - Effects reciprocally to that invariable consequent ; and the relation itself, when considered abstractedly, we denominate Power in the object that is the invariable antecedent, Susceptibility in the object that exhibits in its change the invariable consequent ; we say of fire, that it has the power of melting metals ; and of metals, that they are susceptible of fusion by fire ; that fire is the cause of...
Halaman 41 - We aspire in vain to assign limits to the works of creation in space, whether we examine the starry heavens, or that world of minute animalcules which is revealed to us by the microscope. We are prepared, therefore, to find that in time also the confines of the universe lie beyond the reach of mortal ken.
Halaman 181 - From ether, effecting a transmutation in form, springs the pure and potent air, a vehicle of all scents ; and air is held endued with the quality of touch : 77. Then from air, operating a change, rises' light or fire, making objects visible, dispelling gloom, spreading bright rays ; and it is declared to have the quality of figure ; 78.
Halaman 127 - It may be considered, then, as determined by the over-balance of physiological authority, that there is a capacity in all species to accommodate themselves, to a certain extent, to a change of external circumstances; this extent varying greatly according to the species.
Halaman 130 - Without insisting on this point, we may safely assume, as we before stated, that, exclusive of microscopic beings, there are between one and two millions of species now inhabiting the terraqueous globe ; so that if only one of these were to become extinct annually, and one new one were to be every year called into being, more than a million of years would be required to bring about a complete revolution in organic life.