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obliged to attend court as a suitor or witness on the day of election, or to do military duty thereon except in time of war or public danger.

SEC. 5. No elector shall be deemed to have gained or lost his residence by reason of absence therefrom in the service of the United States or of this State, nor while engaged in the navigation of the waters of this State or of the United States, or of the high seas, nor while a student at any seminary of learning, nor while kept at any alms-house or other asylum at public expense.

SEC. 6. Laws may be passed to preserve the purity of elections, and guard against the abuses of the elective franchise.

SEC. 7. No soldier, seaman or marine in the army or navy of the United States, shall be deemed a resident of this State in consequence of being stationed in any place within the same.

SEC. 8. Any inhabitant of this State who may hereafter be engaged in a duel shall be disqualified from holding any office and from voting at any election.

ARTICLE VIII.

STATE OFFICERS.

SECTION 1. There shall be elected at each general biennial election in Novema secretary of state, a state treasurer, a commissioner of the state land office, a superintendent of public instruction, and an auditor general, for the term of two years, each of whom shall keep his office at the seat of government, and shall perform such duties as may be prescribed by law.

SEC. 2. Their term of office shall commence on the first day of January following their election."

SEC. 3. An attorney general shall be elected or appointed, as the legislature may by law provide.

SEC. 4. Whenever a vacancy shall occur in any of the State offices, the governor shall fill the same by appointment, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, if in session.

SEC. 5. The secretary of state, state treasurer and commissioner of the state land office, shall constitute a board of state auditors, to examine and adjust all claims against the State not otherwise provided for by law. They shall also constitute a board of state canvassers, to determine the result of all elections for governor, lieutenant governor and state officers, and of such other officers as shall by law be referred to them.

SEC. 6. In case two or more persons have an equal and the highest number of votes for any office, as canvassed by the board of state canvassers, the legislature, in joint convention, shall choose one of said persons to fill such office. When the determination of the board of state canvassers is contested, the legislature in joint convention shall decide which person is elected.

ARTICLE IX.

SALARIES.

SECTION 1. The governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, state treasurer, commissioner of the state land office, superintendent of public instruction, auditor general, attorney general, commissioner of railroads, commissioner of insurance, and all other state officers, shall receive for their services such salaries as shall be provided by law, which shall not be increased or diminished during their official term.

SEC. 2. The judges of the supreme court, the judges of the circuit courts, and the judges of all other courts of record, shall receive for their servites such salaries as shall be provided by law, which shall not be diminished during their official term.

ARTICLE X.

MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS.

SECTION 1. No county, city, township, or other municipal corporation, shall become a stockholder in, or make any loan or gift to, or lend its credit in aid of any person, private corporation or association; nor shall any county, city, township, or other municipality construct or become the owner of any railroad. The provisions of this section shall not prevent such municipalities from aiding enlistments, and in the support of the families of soldiers in time of war; or supporting their poor in such manner as may be provided by law.

Counties.

SEC. 2. Each organized county shall be a body corporate, with such powers and immunities as shall be prescribed by law. All suits and proceedings by or against a county shall be in the name thereof. The power of counties to levy taxes, borrow money, and contract debts, shall be restricted by law.

SEC. 3. The board of supervisors of any county may borrow or raise by tax a sum not exceeding in any one year one and one-half mills upon the dollar of the assessed valuation thereof, for constructing or repairing public buildings, highways, or bridges: Provided, The indebtedness of a county incurred under this section shall at no time exceed three mills upon a dollar of such assessed valuation, unless authorized by a majority of the electors of the county voting. thereon, as shall be provided by law.

SEC. 4. No organized county shall ever be reduced, by the organization of new counties, to less than sixteen townships as surveyed by the United States, unless, in pursuance of law, a majority of electors residing in each county to be affected thereby shall so decide. The legislature may organize any city into a separate county when it has attained a population of twenty thousand inhabitants, without reference to geographical extent, when a majority of the electors of a county in which such city may be situated, voting thereon, shall be in favor of a separate organization. Nothing herein contained shall be so construed as to prevent the legislature from organizing any county composed wholly of islands within the territory of the State, or discontinuing any such county and attaching the same to the nearest county or counties on the main land.

SEC. 5. In each organized county there shall be a sheriff, a county clerk, a county treasurer, a register of deeds, and a prosecuting attorney, chosen by the electors thereof once in two years, whose duties and powers shall be prescribed by law; but the legislature may provide for the appointment, by the governor, of prosecuting attorneys, by and with the advice and consent of the senate. The board of supervisors in any county may unite the offices of county clerk and register of deeds in one office, or disconnect the same.

SEC. 6. The sheriff, county clerk, county treasurer, judge of probate and register of deeds, shall hold their offices at the county seat.

SEC. 7. The sheriff shall hold no other office. No person shall be eligible to the office of sheriff for more than four in a period of six years. The county shall never be responsible for his acts.

SEC. 8. A board of supervisors, consisting of one from each organized township, shall be established in each county, with such powers as shall be prescribed by law. Cities and villages shall have such representation in the board of supervisors of the counties in which they are situated as thedegislature may direct.

SEC. 9. No county seat, once established, shall be removed, until the place. to which it is proposed to be removed shall be designated by two-thirds of the board of supervisors of the county, and a majority of the electors voting thereon shall have voted in favor of the proposed location, in such manner as shall be prescribed by law.

SEC. 10. The board of county auditors in such counties as may be authorized by law to elect county auditors, and in every other county the board of supervisors, shall, except as otherwise provided by law, have power to prescribe the compensation for all services rendered for, and adjust all claims against their respective counties, and such determination and adjustment shall be subject to no appeal. Supervisors and county auditors shall receive for their services such compensation as shall be prescribed by law.

SEC. 11. The board of supervisors of each organized county may provide for laying out highways, constructing bridges, and organizing townships, under such restrictions and limitations as sha I be prescribed by law.

Townships.

SEC. 12. Each organized township shall be a body corporate, with such powers and immunities as shall be prescribed by law. All suits and proceedings by or against a township shall be in the name thereof.

SEC. 13. There shall be elected in each organized township, annually, on the first Monday of April, or at such other time as the legislature may provide, one supervisor, one township clerk, who shall be ex officio school inspector, one commissioner of highways, who shall hold his office for three years, one township treasurer, one school inspector, not exceeding four constables, and one overseer of highways of each highway district, and such other officers as may be provided by law, whose powers and duties shall be prescribed by law.

Cities and Villages.

SEC. 14. Cities and villages shall hereafter be incorporated only under general laws, in which their powers of taxation, borrowing money, and contracting debts, shall be restricted.

SEC. 15. No city or village shall incur indebtedness, including that incurred by or on behalf of any school district within its corporate limits, so that its aggregate debt at any time shall exceed ten per cent on the valuation of its taxable property, as shown by the assessment roll.

SEC. 16. The executive and legislative officers of cities and villages shall be elected, and all other officers shall be elected or appointed, at such time and - in such manner as the legislature may direct.

SEC. 17. Existing charters of cities and villages may be altered and amended.

ARTICLE XI.
ICLE

CORPORATIONS OTHER THAN MUNICIPAL.

SECTION 1. Corporations (other than municipal, and those for charitable, educational, penal and reformatory purposes under the control of public authority, shall be hereafter created only by general laws. The charter of no existing corporation not embraced in the above exceptions, shall be extended,.

altered or amended. All general acts of incorporation, and general laws affecting corporations, mav be altered, amended or repealed.

SEC. 2. No general banking law shall have effect until the same shall, after its passage, be submitted to a vote of the electors of the State, at a general election, and be approved by a majority of the votes cast thereon at such election.

SEC. 3. The stockholders of every corporation or association for banking purposes, issuing bank notes or paper credits to circulate as money, shall be individually liable for all debts contracted during the time of their being stockholders of such corporation or association, equally and ratably to the extent of their respective shares of stock in any such corporation or association.

SEC. 4. The legislature shall provide for the registry of all bills or notes issued or put in circulation as money by any bank organized under the laws of this State, and shall require security to the full amount of notes and bills so registered, in interest-bearing stocks of this State, or of the United States, which shall be deposited with the state treasurer, for the redemption of such bills or notes in lawful money of the United States.

SEC. 5. In case of the insolvency of any bank or banking association, the bill-holders thereof shall be entitled to preference in payment over all other creditors of such bank or association.

SEC. 6. 1 He legislature shall pass no law authorizing or sanctioning the suspension of payments by any corporation.

SEC. 7. The stockholders in all corporations shall be individually liable for all labor done in behalf of such corporation during the time of their being such stockholders, equally and ratably to the extent of their respective shares in the stock of such corporation.

SEC. 8. No corporation shall hold any real estate for a longer period than ten years from the time of acquiring the same, except such real estate as shall be actually occupied by it in the exercise of its franchises.

SEC. 9. Foreign corporations may be permitted to do business in this State under such limitations and restrictions as may be prescribed by law, but shall be subject to the same restrictions and liabilities that are imposed, and shall have no greater rights than are conferred upon, domestic corporations of like character, and the stockholders of such foreign corporation shall be subject to like personal liabilities as stockholders in similar domestic corporations. No foreign corporation shall acquire or hold any lands in this State, except such as may be taken in good faith in payment of debts, or such as may be needed for such offices, depots, and warehouses as may be required for its legitimate business, and all lands hereafter acquired or held in violation of this provision shall escheat to the State. Provision shall be made for debarring all foreign corporations which shall violate any law of this State from thereafter being allowed to do business in the State.

SEC. 10. The legislature may, from time to time, pass laws establishing rea-sonable maximum rates of charges for the transportation of passengers and freight, and regulating the speed of trains, on different railroads in this State, and shall prohibit running contracts between such railroad companies whereby discrimination is made in favor of either of such companies as against other companies owning connecting or intersecting lines of railroads.

SEC. 11. No railroad corporation shall consolidate its stock, property or franchises with any other railroad corporation owning a parallel or competing line; and in no case shall any consolidation take place except upon public

notice given of at least sixty days to all stockholders, in such manner as shall be provided by law.

SEC. 12. No corporation, except for municipal or mining purposes, for life insurance, or for the construction of railroads or canals, shall be created for a longer time than thirty years.

SEC. 13. The term corporation, as used in this article, shall be construed to include all associations and joint stock companies having any of the powers or privileges of corporations not possessed by individuals or partnerships.

ARTICLE XII.

IMPEACHMENTS AND REMOVALS FROM OFFICE.

SECTION 1. The house of representatives shall have the sole power of impeaching civil officers for corrupt conduct in office, or for crimes and misdemeanors; but a majority of the members elected shall be necessary to direct an impeachment.

SEC. 2. Every impeachment shall be tried by the senate. When the governor or lieutenant governor shall be tried, the chief justiceof the supreme court shall preside. When an impeachment is directed, the members of the senate shall take an oath or affirmation truly and impartially to try and determine the same according to the evidence. No person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members elected. Judgment in case of impeachment shall not extend further than removal from office; but the party accused whether acquitted or convicted, shall be liable to trial and punishment according to law.

SEC. 3. When an impeachment is directed, the house of representatives shall appoint from their own body, a committee whose duty it shall be to prosecute such impeachment. An impeachment may be tried after the final adjournment of the legislature.

SEC. 4. No officer shall exercise his office after an impeachment is directed, until he be acquitted, but such disability shall not continue longer than three months, unless the trial of such impeachment shall have been commenced and proceeded with.

SEC. 5. For a reasonable cause, which shall not be a sufficient ground for the impeachment of a judge, the governor shall remove him on a concurrent resolution of two-thirds of the members elected to each house of the legislature, after the party accused shall have had an opportunity to be heard in his defense; but the cause for which such removal is required shall be stated at length in such resolution.

SEC. 6. County, township, city, village or school district officers, may be removed in such manner and for such cause as may be provided by law.

SEC. 7. The governor shall have power, and it shall be his duty, except at such times as the legislature may be in session, to examine into the condition and administration of any public office and the acts of any public officer, elective or appointed, to suspend from office for gross neglect of duty or for corrupt conduct in office, or any other misfeasance or malfeasance therein, either of the following State officers, to wit: The attorney general, state treasurer, commissioner of the state land office, secretary of state, auditor general, superintendent of public instruction, or members of the state board of education, or any other officer of the State, except legislative and judicial, and to appoint a successor for the remainder of the unexpired term of office, and report the cause of such removal to the legislature at its next session.

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