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1689 May 12,; the Grand Alliance signed at Vienna between England, the Emperor, and the States General; to which Spain, and the Duke of Savoy afterwards acceded.

1696 August 29; the Duke of Savoy quitted the coalition, and entered into a treaty with France. 1697 September 20; peace of Ryswick, between France, England, Spain, and Holland; signed by Germany 30th October.

1698 October 11; first treaty of Partition signed between France, England, and Holland, for the purpose of regulating the succession of the territories of the king of Spain. Joseph Ferdinand, electoral Prince of Bavaria, declared presumptive heir.

1699 Jan. 26; peace of Carlowitz, between Turkey and Germany, Poland, Russia & Venice. 1700 March 13; second treaty of Partition between France, England and Holland, declared the archduke Charles presumptive heir of the Spanish monarchy, Joseph Ferdinand having died in 1699.

1700 October 2; Charles II., last male branch of the house of Austria, reigning in Spain, bequeathes the kingdom to Philip of Anjou.

1700 November 1; Charles II. of Spain died, and the claim of Philip of Anjou was recognized by the court of France.

1701 Sept 7; England and Holland conclude a formal alliance at the Hague, to resist the claim of Philip of Anjou, to which almost all the European states successively acceded. 1701 November 16; King James II. dying, his son was proclaimed king of England by France, upon which William III. commanded the return of his ambassadors from France, and ordered the departure of the French ambassador from London.

1702 May 4; war declared against France and Spain, by England, the Empire and Holland. 1703 The Methuen Treaty betw Eng, and Portugal principally for the regulation of commerce 1706 Sept 24, peace of Alt Ranstadt, betw. Charles XII. of Sweden and Augustus of Poland. 1711 July 2; peace of Falezi concluded between Russia and Turkey, the Russians giving up

Azoph and all their possessions on the Black Sea to the Turks; in the following year the war was renewed, and terminated by the peace of Constantinople, April 16, 1712. 1713 April 11; peace of Utrecht, signed by the ministers of Great Britain and France, as well as of all the other allies, except the ministers of the empire. The most important stipulations of this treaty were the security of the Protestant succession in England, the disuniting the French and Spanish crowns, the destruction of Dunkirk, the enlargement of the British colonies and plantations in America, and a full satisfaction for the claims of the allies.

1713 April 17; the Emperor Charles VI, published the Pragmatic Sanction, whereby, in default of man issue, his daughters should succeed in preference to the sons of his brother Joseph I.

1713 July 13; the treaty of Utrecht signed by Spain.

1714 March; peace of Radstadt between France and the Emperor.

1714 Sept. 7; peace of Baden, between France and the Emperor. Landau ceded to France. 1715 Nov. 15; the Barrier Treaty signed at Antwerp, by the British, the Imperial, and Dutch ministers. Low Countries ceded to the Emperor.

1717 Jan. 4; the Triple Alliance of the Hague between France, England and Holland, to oppose the designs of Cardinal Alberoni, the Spanish minister.

1718 July 21; Peace of Passarowitz between the Emperor, Venice, and Turkey. 1718 August 2; the treaty of alliance between Great Britain, France, and the Emperor, signed at London. This alliance, on the accession of the state of Holland, obtained the name of the Quadruple Alliance, and was for the purpose of guaranteeing the succession of the reigning families in Great Britain and France, and settling the partition of the Spanish monarchy.

1718 Nov. 18; the duke of Savoy joined the Quadruple Alliance, signing the treaty by his envoys at Whitehall.

1718 December; war declared by England against Spain.

1718 Dec. 22; war declared against Spain by Franee, under the administration of the regent, Duke of Orleans.

1719 Nov. 20; peace of Stockholm between the king of Great Britain and the Queen of Sweden, by which the former acquired the Duchess of Bremen and Verden as Elector and Duke of Brunswick.

1720 Jan. 20; the king of Spain accepts and signs the Quadruple Alliance.

1721 Aug. 30; peace of Nystett, in Finland, between Sweden and Russia, whereby Livonia and Ingria were ceded to Russia.

1724 March 24; treaty of Stockholm between Russia and Sweden, in favor of the Duke of Holstein Gottorp.

1725 April 30; the Vienna Treaty, signed between the Emperor of Germany and the king of Spain, by which they confirmed to each other such parts of the Spanish dominions as they were respectively possessed of, and by a private treaty, Emperor engaged to employ a force to procure the restoration of Gibraltar to Spain, and to use means for placing the Pretender on the throne of Great Britain, Spain guaranteed the Pragmatic Sanction.

1725 Sept 3; the Hanover treaty, concluded between the kings of England, France and Prussia, as an act of self-defence, against the provisions of the Vienna treaty.

1726 Aug. 6; war between England and Spain commenced.

1726 Aug. 6; treaty of alliance between Russia and the Emperor.

1727 May 31; preliminary articles for a general pacification, signed at Paris by the ministers of G. Britain, the Emp, the king of France, and the States Gen. Ostend Co. suspended 1727 October 21; treaty of Nipchoo (Nerchinsk) between Russia and China, by which the boundaries of the two empires were settled, a Russian resident at Pekin, and 200' merchants allowed to trade to China once in 5 years. Not ratified until June 14, 1728, in consequence of the death of Catherine.

1728 June 14; a congress commenced its sitting at Soissons.

1729 Nov. 9: the peace of Seaville, between the courts of Great Britain, France and Spain; and a defensive alliance entered into; to this treaty the states of Holland afterwards acceded, Nov. 21.

1731 March 16; the treaty of alliance of Vienna, between the Emperor, Great Britain and Holland, by which the Pragmatic Sanction was guaranteed, and the disputes, as to Spanish succession terminated; Spain acceded to the treaty on the 22nd of July.

1732 Oct: 7; peace between Sweden and Poland.

1733 Oct. 10; war declared by the king of France against the Emperor, on account of the latter combining with the Russians to drive Stanislaus, father-in-law of the French king, from the throne of Poland, to which he was elected on the death of Augustus II. 1735 Oct. 3; preliminaries of peace signed at Vienna, between France and the Emperor; Spain acceded April 15, 1736.

1736 April 23; war commenced between Russia and Turkey. 1737 May 4; war declared against the Turks by the Emperor.

1738 Nov. 18; the definitive peace of Vienna, between the Emperor and the king of France, the latter power agreeing to guarantee the Prag. Sanc. Lorraine ceded to France. 1739 Sept. 18; peace of Belgrade between the Emperor and the Turks, the Emperor giving up Belgrade and Servin; this was speedily followed by a peace between Russia and Turkey, Russia surrendering Azoph and all her conquests on the Black Sea.

1739 October 23; war declared by England against Spain.

1740 August; a subsidy treaty concluded between Great Britain and Hesse. 1740 Oct: Charles VI. Emperor of Germany died, and was succeeded by his eldest daughter Maria Theresa, by virtue of the Prag, Sanction, which being opposed by the king of Spain and Poland, who supported the right of Elector of Bavaria founded on the will of Ferd. I., gave rise to a war in which most of the powers of Europe were engaged.

1741 Alliance between Great Britain, Russia, and Poland, with the Queen of Hungary (the Empress Maria Theresa,) for the purpose of supporting the interests of the house of Austria, France, Spain, and Sardinia uniting by the same time in the interests of the Elector of Bavaria.

1742 June 28; peace of Berlin, between the king of Poland and the queen of Hungary. Silesia given up to Prussia.

1742 Nov. 18; a treaty for mutual defence and guarantee, signed at Whitehall; between Great Britain and Prussia.

1743 June 24; a defensive treaty concluded between Great Britain and Russia for 15 years. 1743 Aug. 7, peace of Abo, between Russia and Sweden.

1744 March 14; war declared formally by Louis XV. against Great Britain, France having been previously engaged merely as ally of the Elector of Bavaria.

1744 April 27; war declared between the Queen of Hungary and King of France. 1745 April 23; peace of Fuissen, between the Queen of Hungary and Elector of Bavaria. 1745 Dec. 25; peace of Dresden, between Saxony, Prussia, and the Queen of Hungary, confirming the treaties of Berlin and Breslau.

1748 April 30; preliminary articles for the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle signed by the ministers of Great Britain, France, and Holland. to which the Queen of Hungary, the King of Sardinia, and the Duke of Modena shortly after acceded, and Spain and Genoa before the end of June, in September and October the definitive treaty was concluded and signed by the respective powers. By this peace the treaties of Westphalia in 1648, or Nimeguen in 1678 and 1679, of Ryswick in 1697, of Utrecht in 1713, and of Baden in 1714, of the Triple Alliance in 1717, of the Quadruple Alliance in 1718, and of Vienna in 1738, were renewed and confirmed.

1750 Oct. 5; treaty between England and Spain, by which England renounced the Assiento contract for the supply of slaves, included in the peace of Utrecht in 1715.

1755 June 8; commencement of war by the English, by the attack on two French frigates in America.

1756 Jan. 16; treaty of alliance between Prussia and England. Hanover put under the safeguard of the king of Prussia.

1756 May 1; alliance between Austria and France, concluded at Versailles.

1756 June 9: war formally declared by France against England.

1756 Aug. 17; Saxony invaded by Prussia. Beginning of the Seven Years' War.

1756 Sept. 30; war between Austria and Prussia.

1757 July 17; war between Great Britain and Austria.

1757 Aug. 24; hostilities commenced between Sweden and Prussia.

1757 Sept. 10; Convention of Closterseven.

1757 Oct. 22; treaty of peace concluded between the province of Pennsylvania, and the Delaware and Shawnee Indians.

1761 Aug. 15; the Family Compact between the different branches of the House of Bourbon, 1762 Jan. 23; war declared by England against Spain, in consequence of the Family Compact. 1762 May 1; the Spanish and French invade Portugal, and an army sent from England to assist the Portuguese.

1762 May 5; peace of Petersburg, between Russia and Prussia. Russia restored all her conquests to Prussia.

1762 May 22; peace of Hamburg, between Sweden and Prussia.

1762 May 23; war declared by Portugal against Spain.

1762 Nov. 3; preliminaries of peace signed at Fontainbleau, between France and England. 1763 Feb. 10; peace of Paris concluded between France, Spain, Portugal, and Great Britain. Cession of Canada by France, and of Florida by Spain.

1763 February 15; peace of Hubertsburg, between Prussia, Austria and Saxony. End of the

Seven Years' War.

1765 March 22, American Stamp Act.

1765 October 7, the first American Congress met in New York, in which the nine colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and South Carolina, were represented; adjourned Oct. 25, after agreeing upon a declaration of rights, and adopting memorials to the king, and Parliment, the proceedings of this congress were approved by the absent colonies, New Hampshire, Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia.

1766 Feb 23, The grant from Hyder Ally, Khan, confirming the grants and privileges mad● to the E. India Co., by the several Malabar Powers; with regard to trade.

1766 March 18, Stamp Act repealed.

1767 June 29, British parliament lays a tax on paper, glass and tea, in the American colonies. 1768 Feb. 24, treaty of Warsaw, between Russia and Poland.

1769 Aug. 3, the treaty of perpetual friendship and peace, between the governor and council Fort St. George, at Madras, and Nabob Hyder Ally, Khan.

1770 March 5, citizens of Boston fired on by the British soldiers, under Captain Preston, when six of the inhabitants were killed, and a number wounded.

1770 Aug. 8, the treaty of peace, friendship and commerce, between the president and council of Bombay, and Nabob Hyder Ally, Khan, which confirmed the grant of the 23d of February, 1766.

1771 Jan. 22, a treaty concluded between Great Britain and Spain, confirming the possession of the Falkland islands to the former.

1772 Feb. 17, secret convention for the partition of Poland, by Russia and Prussia.

1772 Aug. 5, treaty of Petersburg for the same object, between Austria Russia and Prussia. 1773 Dec. 21, Tea on which the duty had been paid by the E. India Co., destroyed at Boston. 1774 July 21, peace of Kutchut kainarji, betw Russia & Turkey. Crimea declared indep'ent, Azoph ceded to Russia, and freedom of commerce and navigation of Bl❜k sea granted 1774 Sept. 5, Congress of the American Colonies met at Philadelphia.

1775 April 19, hostilities commenced at Lexington, Mass., betw. G. Britain and the Colonists. 1775 June 7, North American Colonies first called "The Twelve United Colonies."

1775 Nov 15, Lord Dunmore's Proclamation, declaring Martial Law in Virginia.

1775 Dec. 20, Proclamation of the king of England, declaring the Colonies out of his protection, and authorising the capture and condemnation of vessels and property of the Colonists, and of all others found trading with them.

1776 July 4, American Declaration of Independence.

1776 July 4, Edict of the king of Portugal, (the ally of Great Britain,) prohibiting the entry of American vessels in the ports of his dominions, and ordering that if any come in, they be driven out in the state in which they shall arrive, without succour of any kind being given to them.

1777 Oct. 17, British army under Lt. Gen. Burgoyne, surrendered prisoners of war to the Americans under Gen. Gates. This decisive victory convinced Europe of the ability of the Americans to maintain successfully their contest with Great Britain. 1778 Feb. 6, treaty of alliance concluded at Paris, between the U. States and France. This treaty is declared to be for the absolute maintenance of the Independence of the U. S. and in the event of a war between France and Great Britain the cause to be common to France and the U. States. Also, a treaty of amity and comm. betw U. S. and France

1778 March 13, war between England and France.

1778 Nov. 14; Consular Convention betw. France and the United States, signed. 1779 May 13, peace of Teschen ratified between Austria, Saxony and Prussia.

1780 Dec. 20, war declared by Great Britain against Holland.

1780 July 9 and Aug. 1, first conventions for the armed neutrality between Russsia, Deam'k and Sweden. Dec. 22 the states-general aeceded.

1781 May 8, king of Prussia accedes to the armed neutrality.

1781 Oct. 9, the Emperor of Germany joins the armed neutrality.

1781 Oct. 19, the British army under L'd Cornwallis surrenders to the Americans at Yorktown 1782 July 16, contract betw the United States and France, whereby the latter furnishes the United States with 18,000,000 of livres at five per cent.

1782 Oct. 8, treaty of Amity and Commerce, concluded at Hague, between the United States and the Netherlands. A convention for the restitution of re-captured vessels was

concluded at the same time.

1782 Nov. 30, the independence of the United States acknowledged by England, and prelimi naries of peace signed at Paris between the British and American commissioners. 1783 Jan. 20, prelim. articles of peace signed at Versailles, between G. Britain, Spain & France 1785 Jan. 20, Crimea passes under the dominion of Russia.

1783 April 3, treaty of Amity and Commerce, concluded at Paris, between the United States and Sweden. The commercial relations of each nation placed on the most favorable footing, and it is declared that free ships mrke free goods.

1783 Sept. 2, preliminaries of peace between Great Britain and Holland, signed at Paris. 1783 Sept. 3, definitive treaty of peace between Great Britain and the United States signed at Paris. On the same day, the definitive treaty was signed at Versailles, between Great Britain, France and Spain.

1784 June 20, definitive treaty of peace between Great Britain and Holland, signed at Paris. 1785 July 23, Germanic confederation between Saxony, Brandenburg and Hanover. 1785 Sept. 10, treaty of amity and commerce, between the United States and Prussia. 1785 Nov. 8, the treaty of Fontainebleau, between the Emperor and Holland.

1786 June 28, treaty between the United States and Morocco.

1787 May 14, the Federal Convention assembled in Philadelphia, and remained in session until the 17th of September following, when they agreed to, and signed, the Constitution of the United States, which was subsequently adopted by all the States.

1787 Aug. 18, the Turks declare war against Russia.

1788 Feb. 10, the Emperor of Germany joined Russia against Turkey.

1788 Aug. 13, treaty of defensive alliance between G. Britain and Prus'a, concluded at Berlin. 1788 Sept. 13, the Congress of the U. S., by a Resolution declared that the Fed. Constitution

had been ratified by the requisite number of States, and appointed the first Wednesday in March, 1789, for commencing the proceedings under the said Constitution. 1788 Sept. 25, the king of France convened the States General to assemble in January, 1789. 1788 Nov. 14, Commercial convention, concluded at Vers'lles betw. the U. States & France. 1789 March 4, the first Congress under the Federal Constitution, assembled in New York. 1789 July 14, French Revolution commenced, the Bastile destroyed.

1790 Sept. 27, the preliminary treaty ratified with Spain, relative to the Nootka Sound, and the definitive treaty signed on the 28th Oct. following.

1791 April 8, treaty between Great Britain and Morocco, signed at Sale.

1791 July 20, convention of Pilnitz, between the Emperor Leopold and the King of Prussia. 1792 April 20, the French National Assembly declared war against the Emp'r of Germany. 1792 June 26, First coalition against France took place, and king of Pr'sia issued his manifesto. 1792 Sept, war declared against Sardinia by the French National Assembly.

1793 Feb. 1, France declared war against Great Britain and Holland.

1793 Feb. 9, the Duke of Tuscany acknowledged the French republic.

1793 April 22, American Proclamation of neutrality.

1793 May 25, Spain engaged to assist Great Britain.

1793 Sept. 3, the king of Naples declared war against the French republic.

1793 G. Britain concluded treaties, July 14, with Prussia, Aug. 30, Austria, Sept. 26, Portugal. 1794 Macrh 30, Foundation of the U. States Navy, laid by an act of Congress authorising the building of six frigates.

1794 Nov. 19, treaty of Commerce and Navigation concluded at London, betw. the U. States and G. Britain. Provides also for ascertaining boundaries, and settling claims.

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