NAVIGATION, REGULATION OF-NAVY, DEPARTMENT OF

See LAKES, JURISDICTION AND NAVIGATION

REGULATION OF.

References: J. N. Westlake, Int. Law (1909), Pt. I, 141–157; W. E. Hall, Int. Law (1909), 1131; J. B. Moore, Digest of Int. Law (1906), I, 627-653; E. Hertslet, Map of Europe by Treaty (1875-1891).

GEORGE G. WILSON.

NAVY, DEPARTMENT OF. After the RevOF; NAVIGATION, REGULATION OF; RIPARIAN olution, what little was left of the Navy RIGHTS; RIVERS, JURISDICTION AND NAVIGA- was abolished, and naval affairs were adminTION OF; WATER BOUNDARIES; WATERWAYS, istered by the War Department. In 1794, however, Congress provided for the construction of six frigates, and in 1798 the Department of the Navy was created, with a cabinet officer at its head. Under President Jefferson, naval construction was stopped. The war of 1812 found the United States with sixteen war vessels, which did much to retrieve failures on land. Two improvised fleets-one on Lake Champlain and the other on Lake Erie-added largely to the honors gained on the seas. From 1815 to 1861 the navy languished. Then came Ericson's "Monitor," which revolutionized naval construction. During the War of Secession the navy accumulated 600 vessels of all kinds. During this rapid expansion great frauds were perpetrated on the Department which was endeavoring to cope with an annual expenditure of 140 millions with administrative machinery devised for the expenditure of a single million. Gideon Wells and Gustavus G. Fox, the Secretary and assistant secretary, were men of integrity and capacity; and to the limit of its opportunities the Navy maintained its traditional distinction. After that war, the Navy again was suffered to become obsolete; but under Secretary William C. Whitney, in 1885, the modern Navy began with a complete reorganization of the department. During the war with Spain the naval battles at Manila and Santiago won prestige for the Navy. In 1912 the United States ranked third in sea strength, England being first, and Germany having gone from third to second place during the previous year.

NAVIGATION, REGULATION OF. The regulation of navigation by the United States Government is, for the most part, entrusted to the Steamboat Inspection Service (see) and the Bureau of Navigation (see), established in 1884, both, since 1903, within the Department of Commerce and Labor-since 1913, the Department of Commerce. The chief officer of the Bureau is the Commissioner of Navigation who has jurisdiction over the commercial marine and merchant seamen of the United States. The duties of the Commissioner include the measuring and documenting of vessels (see REGISTRY OF SHIPPING); the preparation and publication of a list of documented vessels; the interpretation of tonnage tax laws; the issuance of instructions to the collectors at the ports concerning the entry and clearance of vessels; the enforcement of the laws for the protection of seamen (see SEAMEN), the publication of the statistics of merchant shipping and shipbuilding; and the preparation of an annual report to the Secretary of Commerce. At most ports there is a shipping commissioner to keep a register of the men who may desire to ship as seamen; "to superintend their engagement and discharge in manner prescribed by law," to aid masters of vessels in compelling their seamen to be on board ship at the agreed time; and "to facilitate the making of apprenticeships to the sea service." | At the small seaports, the collector of the port is charged also with the duties of shipping commissioner.

Maritime navigation is subject to the laws of pilotage (see) and quarantine (see). Coastwise commerce is open only to vessels of American registry (see COASTING TRADE), and only vessels of American construction and ownership can be enrolled under the flag of the United States. Under certain conditions, vessels built abroad may be registered for the foreign trade.

Organization. The Secretary and assistant secretary are appointed from civil life. The Secretary has the assistance of naval officers who have no executive authority, but keep him informed as to the workings of the Department. They are known as: the aid for operations, who is concerned with the organization and manoeuvers of the fleet; the aid for personnel, who supervises recruiting, the detail of officers and discipline; the aid for material, who examines into repairs of vessels; and the aid for inspection, who expedites the progress of naval work. The assistant secretary has charge of yards and docks and of the marine corps. The general board, composed of the admiral and 13 other officers, formulates plans for the organization and operation of the navy.

See COASTING TRADE; INTERSTATE COMMERCE The Bureau of Navigation issues and enLEGISLATION; LAKES, JURISDICTION AND NAVI- forces orders to individual officers; has charge GATION OF; MERCHANT MARINE; PILOTAGE; of education at the naval academy, the war REGISTRY OF SHIPPING; SHIPPING, REGULATION college, and the schools for enlisted men; OF; STEAMBOAT INSPECTION; SUBSIDIES To keeps the records of service; publishes the SHIPPING; WEATHER SIGNALS; WIRELESS Annual Register, and deals with matters of TELEGRAPHY. discipline. The personnel thus cared for in

Reference: E. R. Johnson, Ocean and Includes (1912) 2,400 commissioned officers, land Water Transportation (1906), ch. xv. 51,500 seamen, and 10,000 marines, besides E. R. JOHNSON. the various special corps.

NAVY, SECRETARIES OF

The Bureau of Yards and Docks, officered by | economies in operation are now sought with civil engineers, controls all public works at all the ardor possible in governmental work. navy yards or elsewhere, including hospitals, See CABINET OF THE PRESIDENT; EXECUTIVE barracks, and magazines; and makes estimates AND CONGRESS; EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS. for construction and for purchase of supplies. References: Am. Year Book, 1910, and year The Bureau of Ordnance has charge of the by year; Navy Department, Reports; J. A. torpedo station at Newport, R. I., the prov- Fairlie, National Administration of the U. §. ing ground and magazines; it supervises the (3 (1905); J. F. Rhodes, History of the U. §. preparation of armor and fabricates the arma- V (1904); Diary of Gideon Wells (1911), ment of vessels at the Washington shops; fur-index title "Union Navy"; C. O. Pauliin, nishes ammunition and explosives; and supervises the handling of machinery on ships.

NAVY YARDS NEAR EAST, DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITH

NAVY YARDS. There are 11 navy yards | practice of the American Government to debelonging to the United States, three of them mand, in general, privileges and concessions on islands in the Pacific; and 20 naval stations extended by any Near Eastern country to any of various classes at home and abroad. Their European power, such as extraterritoriality. total cost prior to June 30, 1910 was $299,138- Where portions of this region have been an106, distributed as follows: nexed by European countries, as Algiers and

It is now proposed to reduce expenses at the less important navy-yards like those at Pensacola and New Orleans; and other sites, including New York and Boston, may be condemned for strategic reasons. The establishment at Norfolk and a new navy-yard on Narragansett Bay may then be equipped to serve as bases for a fleet with an important station at Guantanamo, Cuba. Pearl Harbor near Honolulu and the navy-yard on Puget Sound may become the chief establishments for the Pacific. Only four of the navy-yards will be prepared for docking the largest battleships now under construction.

Tunis, the United States has accepted the extinction of the independent state.

The

Joint political action with European powers has thus been avoided so far as possible. United States and Great Britain, however, have agreed that their ambassadors and consuls in Turkey shall coöperate in the protection of the citizens of the two countries.

Corsair States.-The earliest relations of the United States with the Near East were brought about by American vessels, during and shortly after the Revolution, trading with the Corsair States of North Africa. Treaties were, therefore, made with Morocco, in 1787, See JURISDICTION OVER FEDERAL STATES; with Algiers in 1795, with Tripoli in 1796, MILITARY AND NAVAL EXPENDITURES; NAVAL and with Tunis in 1797, by which immunity VESSELS; PUBLIC BUILDINGS, FEDERAL, STATE | was purchased (see BARBARY POWERS, DIPIOAND MUNICIPAL.

MATIC RELATIONS WITH) for American ships by large payments of money. Further demands by Tripoli led to war in 1801. Tripoli's defeat led to a new treaty in 1805.

A

References: W. Pulsifer, Navy Yearbook, 1912, 799-802 and year by year; U. S. Navy Department, Annual Reports (1912), 42-51, 119-123 House Reports, 61 Cong., 2 Sess., No. | short naval struggle with Algiers secured, in 796 (1910). C. G. CALKINS.

1815 the most favorable commercial treaty then granted by any of the pirate states.

NEAR EAST, DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS Extraterritoriality in Turkey.-A treaty WITH. The Near East is a general term, was negotiated with the Ottoman Empire in commonly used to include the Balkan States, 1830, which is the basis of American rights the Turkish Empire, Persia, and the Mediter- in Turkey, though the privileges of extraterriranean countries of Africa. The policy of the toriality, thereby gained have long been a United States has been to follow the decisions subject of dispute. The American contention of the concert of European powers as to the is based upon an admitted mistranslation of status of these lands; though it has never, the treaty of 1830, and is not in accord with except in the case of Morocco, joined in the the practice of the European states. international discussion regarding them, and Missionaries and Schools.-American missioneven then did not consider itself a regular | aries, who have established nearly 600 relig member of the conferences. It has been the ious, educational and charitable institutions in