in making pipe by a hydraulic ram. The ingot of tin is introduced into the cylinder over said mandrel, and then melted lead is cast around the tin in the cylinder and the hydraulic press set to work as usual, to force out the metal between the mandrel and a round hole or die, to make the pipe. The lead and tin come out together in the form of a pipe, the tin forming a complete thin lining to the lead pipe, and when in use no portion of the lead is exposed to the action of the water, and the water remains free from mineral poisons produced by the lead. LAMPS.-The introduction of petroleum has stimulated the inventive faculty to devise improvements that would allow of the universal use of this material in place of sperm, lard oil, camphene, etc. The large preponderance of car bon in petroleum has rendered it very difficult to burn without smoke, and any sudden motion of the lamp, or currents of air, cause flickering and smoke, and sometimes extinguish the light. To construct a kerosene lamp that would burn steady in a railroad car, regardless of agitation, has been the study of many inventors.

Among the large number of patents in this class may be named that granted April 14, 1863, to C. B. Lashar, of New York City, and which has gone into extensive use on the city railroads. The wick sets into a case made in the reservoir, there being but a small hole from the reservoir into this case, so that the oil shall always remain quiescent around the wick and not be agitated by the swaying about of the oil in the reservoir caused by the motion of the car; this insures steadiness of supply to the flame, and prevents the motion of the oil forcing the vapors in the lamp out through the wick and rendering the flame unsteady. The ram action of the oil as it sways about in the reservoir is apt to cause leakage at the supply plug; this is prevented by the use of a stationary feeding tube attached to the reservoir and passing down into the oil almost to the bottom of the reservoir, so that the agitation does not reach the plug that is inserted at the upper end of this tube. The air hole or vent on the upper part of the reservoir is formed with a conical cap soldered over it, having a small hole in its upper end, so that any jet driven out of the vents by the swaying of the oil, will be received in the conical cap and run back into the reservoir.

Various other improvements in lamps have been introduced, many of which were patented prior to 1863. The cone or deflector made of glass in place of metal, so as not to obstruct light, is now extensively used, and burners that do not require glass chimneys are manufactured in large quantities.

Several patents on lamps were granted during 1863-4, to parties connected with Holmes, Booth, and Hayden's establishment, at Waterbury, Conn. One of these patents is for a lamp in which the deflector is made with a long slot over a round wick, so that the flame, instead of being round,

is spread out flat and much more perfect combustion produced.

Hinges are now extensively employed for connecting the burner and metal ring holding the chimney, so that the chimney can be turned back for lighting the lamp. It is important that the chimney should be sustained nearly horizontal, so that its upper end may not fall down against the table. L. J. Atwood, March 1, 1864, obtained a patent for a small wire rod or brace extending from the burner to the ring holding the chimney; this does not prevent the said ring being turned down to its place, but holds the ring and chimney from turning back too far when opened for lighting or trimming.

POINTING WIRE FOR PINS, NAILS, &c.—It has been usual heretofore, in pointing pins, needles, nails, and other small articles, to grind or file away the metal. This produces considerable loss of metal, besides which the points are generally soft and easily become blunt; Messrs. Orin Hopson, and Heman P. Brooks, of Waterbury, Conn., have invented a machine that compresses the points perfectly true, sharp, and smooth. A revolving shaft is fitted at its end with a divided die, the opening in which is of the shape of the point to be formed, and is on the central line or axis of said shaft; one-half of the die is stationary, the other is set in a jaw that can be opened slightly; around the end of this revolving shaft is a stationary ring carrying adjustable toes or cams; the wire to be pointed is entered between said dies, and as the shaft revolves, the dies are pressed together and released in rapid succession, by the moving jaw taking the stationary toes or cams. The action of this machine is very rapid and accurate; the jaws coming together reduce the wire and form a point; at the same time the metal is smoothed, compressed, and consolidated, so as to be much stiffer, and the point more durable, and there is no waste of metal. Letters patent for this invention were granted Aug. 9, 1864.

FORGE HAMMER, ATMOSPHERIC.-An air cylinder is reciprocated in slides, by means of a crank and pitman; in the cylinder is a piston, the rod of which connects to the hammer moving also in slides over an anvil; when moved slowly, the blow is light, but when reciprocated rapidly, the blow is powerful; this arises from the fact that the hammer is lifted by the airspring formed under the piston in the reciprocating cylinder, and thrown down by the air cushion at the other end. If, therefore, the movement be rapid, the momentum causes the hammer to rise farther, and the increased compres sion of the air brings said hammer down with increased velocity and force. A small hole in the reciprocating cylinder near the middle, allows air to pass in and supply the place of any that may have been expelled by the piston near either end of its stroke in consequence of leakage.

These atmospheric forge hammers are in practical and successful operation for forging a variety of wrought-iron articles, and are particu

larly adapted to drawing down, swaging, and welding.

The original invention was made by Bennet Hotchkiss, and patented in 1859, and improve ments on the same were patented by him, July 2, 1863, and May 3, 1864.

LARD.-Improvement in the manufacture of. It is a common practice to extract the fatty matters from refuse and scraps by a steam digester, but it is found that lard or tallow produced in this way, is not as pure and marketable as when extracted by fire heat in an open pan. George B. Turrell of New York City, has invented and patented, June 28, 1864, an apparatus for treating lard, tallow, &c., which renders steam-tried fats as pure and marketable as those tried out by fire heat; this apparatus consists in a range of horizontal pipes, one above another; the upper pipes of this range are heated by steam, while the lower pipes are cooled by a stream of water passing through them. The lard or tallow flows from the edge of a trough upon the top pipe of the range, and from one to another until it reaches the bottom. The heat of the upper pipes in this range of pipes, drives off impurities, and the air comes in contact with the thin stratum of heated fat for its purification; the lard is cooled by passing over the pipes in the lower portion of the apparatus,

and is received into a trough at the bottom ready for packing.

AMALGAMATOR FOR GOLD ORE.-One of the most common amalgamators is an iron pan into which the pulverized ore and water pass, and in this pan a pair of mullers travel around to rub and grind the fine particles of gold so that they may amalgamate with the mercury in the bottom of the pan. The revolution of these mullers produces a centrifugal action in the water, causing it to be highest at the outer edge, and hence the heavier metallic particles are more liable to escape with the tailings. Joseph Kenyon; of Black Hawk, Colorado, has invented an amalgamator which was patented July 19, 1864, and of which the cut below is a representation. The mullers are set on arms from shafts, upon which are pinions, taking the teeth of a stationary gear-wheel, so that the mullers are revolved upon their own shafts as those shafts are carried around by a revolving cross head. This apparatus is in practical operation to advantage in Colorado, and it is found that the mullers travelling in a cycloidal curve counteract the centrifugal action on the water, so that the metallic particles are not thrown off, and the amalgamation is rendered much more perfect than in the amalgamators heretofore employed.

PELISSIER, AMABLE JEAN JACQUES, Duke of Malakoff and a Marshal of France, born at Maromme, near Rouen, November 6, 1794, died in Algeria, May 22, 1864. He was the son of a tradesman, and was educated at the military schools of La Flèche and St. Cyr. Shortly be fore the return of Napoleon from Elba he was commissioned a lieutenant in a regiment of the line, and four years later he succeeded, after a severe examination, in securing a position on the staff of the Corps d'Etat Major. He first saw active service during the Spanish campaign of 1823, where he gained the Cross of the Legion of Honor, and in 1826 he was promoted to a captaincy. After serving with distinction in the expeditionary corps in Greece in 1828, he went in 1830 to Algiers in the suite of Gen. Bourmont, and during the next two years saw much hard fighting. Returning to France on account of ill health in 1832, he went back to Algeria in 1839 with the rank of lieutenantcolonel, and for upward of sixteen years was incessantly engaged in the tedious and bloody campaigns which ended in establishing the French supremacy in the province. In 1843 he was promoted to a colonelcy, and during the insurrection of the Kabyles in 1845 he acquired an unenviable notoriety over Europe by suffocating six hundred of the Ouled Riah tribe of Arabs in a cavern at Dahra. The press of France and Marshal Soult, then Minister of War, condemned the act in strong terms, but Pélissier was in the end sustained by his Government, and the Moniteur Algerien of July 22, 1845, officially declared that he simply carried out the positive orders of his commanderin-chief, Marshal Bugeaud, who justified the act as a "necessity of war." In 1846 he became Maréchal-de-Camp, in 1848 Major-General and Commandant of the province of Oran, and in 1850 General of Division. For his brilliant daring in storming the desert fortress of Laghuat he was decorated by Napoleon with the Grand Cross of the Legion of Honor, and soon after the arrival of the allied English and French forces in the Crimea, was appointed to command the first corps under Gen. Canrobert. In May, 1855, the latter resigned his command in favor of Pélissier, who signalized himself by the capture of the Mamelon Vert, by his efficient coöperation at the battle of the Tchernaya, and finally by the capture of the Malakoff, September 8th, which practically decided the fate of Sebastopol. For these services he was made Marshal of France and Duke of Malakoff, and received from Queen Victoria the Order of G. C. B. He was also voted by the Corps Législatif a pension of 100,000 francs. He replaced Count Persigny as minister to England in April, 1858, but a year later was recalled to France to take command of the army of observation which was stationed at Nancy to guard against demonstrations from Germany during the Italian campaign of that year. In 1862 he was appointed Governor General of Algeria, the scene of his early career, where he managed

affairs with great skill and success until his death. He had previously been appointed a Member of the Privy Council, Vice-President of the Senate, and Grand Chancellor of the Legion of Honor. Pélissier was a good specimen of the soldier, honest, straightforward, and courageous, but ruthless when necessity imposed a severe task upon him, coarse and brusque in manners, and vain to excess. He made a poor figure as a diplomatist or courtier, and was only thoroughly at home in the camp or on the march.

PENNSYLVANIA. The uniform prosperity of this wealthy State experienced no change during the year except the destruction occasioned by the enemy in some of the Southern counties. Agriculture was prosperous and industry well rewarded. The internal system of improvements undertaken by the State some years ago created a heavy debt, the burden of which still continues. On Dec. 1st, 1864, it was as follows:

The State holds bonds received from the sale of the public works, amounting to ten million three hundred thousand dollars. These bonds in the sinking fund reduce the public debt to $29,079,603.

Some dissatisfaction was created among the holders of the State bonds by the refusal to pay the interest due upon them in specie. This is the second occasion upon which the State has considered it necessary to adopt this course. The embarrassments which the country expe rienced in 1837 caused a suspension of payment in specie by Pennsylvania; but in June, 1840, the Legislature passed an act which appropriated sufficient money to reimburse the bondholders for the difference in value between specie and suspended bank currency, and then declared by resolution "that hereafter the interest falling due on Pennsylvania stocks, shall always be paid in specie or its equivalent."

Upon this pledge the existing loans were made, and mostly at the low rate of five per cent. interest. A correspondence upon the subject took place between the State Treasurer and one of the English bondholders, Sir Henry Holland, in December, in which the Treasurer states his views of the necessity as follows;

The Legislature last year saw fit to alter that policy, and our interest is now paid in United States notes. This action of our Legislature was induced by the extraordinary circumstances in which the nation was placed, and I am free to give it as my opinion that, although the United States have made their notes a legal tender in all transactions, and we have no State revenue in coin to meet our interest, that our justification in a departure from paying it in coin can only be found in one of those State necessities which vindicate a nation in temporarily postponing its obligations, in order to preserve the power to discharge them at a future day.

I am also free to say, that my feelings of sympathy for the holders of our securities in your country have been very much weakened by the action of your people since the expression of my opinion to the Legislature to which I have called your attention.

For four years our National Government has been struggling to put down a most wicked and causeless rebellion upon the part of some of the States of this Union, and the enormous expenses incident upon this war in which we have been engaged to preserve the life of the nation, must be met by the various States of the Union, and the amount of those ex-. penses which has thus been thrown upon the citizens of our State would have paid the entire amount of our debt more than four times over.

In this struggle we looked for no assistance whatever from your people or your Government, and desired none; but we did hope and believe, and had a right so to believe, that your people and your Government would give no countenance or assistance to the rebels who were in arms against our Government and its authority. In this we have been disappointed; and I believe that but for the granting of belligerent rights to the rebels by Great Britain, and the assistance and countenance which they have received from her people, we should have long since put down this rebellion, and you would have had no occasion to "protest" against what you term a repudiation of the obligations of a State."

It is true we have no positive evidence that the holders of our bonds in your country are among those who have given aid or countenance to our enemy, but it is also true that all the public expressions of sympathy in your country for our nation in this its hour of trial have come, with a few noble exceptions, from that class in your midst who are unable, from their position in life, to own public securities of any kind.

We have looked in vain for any openly-expressed sympathy for our nation from that class in your country who represent its wealth and official position, with the few exceptions I have before admitted, while we do know that our enemy has received so much aid, assistance, and sympathy from this class of your people, and protection in many instances from your Government, that it has needlessly prolonged this rebellion, and added hundreds of millions to the expenses necessarily incurred by the State in its suppression, besides largely increasing the sacrifice of life and the sufferings of the people.

While I do not offer these facts as an excuse for our State for the action she has taken, as she needs no excuse at my hands, I do allude to them as reasons why the holders of her securities in your country have much less cause for complaint than they otherwise would have, and why your protest does not carry that weight and force which, in my opinion, it would possess did these facts not exist.

The receipts of the Treasury during the fiscal year, ending Nov. 30th, together with the balance of the preceding year, were $6,880,644. The payments during the same period were $4,938,441; leaving a balance of $1,942,203. The revenue derived from a tax on banks during the year was $539,606. So Banks, that this source of revenue may now many of them are now becoming National be considered as substantially extinguished.

The contribution of the State to the military service of the United States has been as follows:

Organizations for three years' term...
Troops sent into service during 1864:
Organizations for one hundred days' term...
Organizations for one year's term..
Volunteer recruits....

Drafted men and substitutes.....
Recruits for regular army..

9,867

7,675

16,094

26,567

10,651

2,974

The twenty-five thousand militia of 1862 are not included in this statement.

The system of bounties to volunteers was attended with serious evils in some parts of the State. In some counties and townships the bounty tax during the year is estimated to have exceeded the average income derived from the land. The large sums offered in some places in the competition for men have demoralized many of the people, and the most atrocious frauds connected with the system have become common. The men of some of the poorer counties have been nearly exhausted by their volunteers being credited to richer counties which paid higher bounties. Of the number of men to whom bounties have been paid, it is believed that not one-fourth have been actually placed in the ranks of the army, and even those who have joined it have probably not, on an average, received for their own use one-half of the bounty paid for them. The quota of the State under the call for 300,000 in December, 1864, was 66,999. The opinion of the Supreme Court of the State, declaring the conscription act unconstitutional, was by a change in the judges reversed. The question came up on a motion to dissolve an injunction granted at the time of the first decision.

An act was passed by the Legislature at its special session in August to enable the soldiers in the field to vote at elections. The first requisite for a voter, if a soldier, was that he should be assessed and pay a tax of ten cents in the township in which he belonged. This