generally, lost all confidence in the Indians, and insisted that, without distinction, they should be treated as enemies. Having mentioned some instances of useful information given by the Indians, and services rendered by them as soldiers, Gookin says, Notwithstanding those signal and faithful services done by those Christian Indians, and divers others not here related, yet the animosity and rage of the common people increased against them, that the very name of a praying Indian was spoken against, in so much that some wise and principal men did advise some that were concerned with them to forbear giving that epithet of praying. Things growing to this height among the English, the Governor and Council, against their own reason and inclination, were put upon a kind of necessity, for gratifying the people, to disband all the praying Indians, and to make and publish an order to confine them to five of their own villages, and not to stir above one mile from the centre of such place, upon peril of their lives."1 "This cruel frame of spirits (for I can give it no gentler denomination) arose, I apprehend, from a double ground; first the malice of Satan against Christ's work among the Indians, and to hinder their progress in religion. . . . . A second root of this trouble arose from the perfidious and unfaithful dealing of the wicked Indians, and their causeless rage and cruelty and fury against the English, and particularly the Springfield and Northampton Indians, who lived near the English and seemed to carry it fair for a time, but at last proved perfidious and treacherous. But there was not one of them that ever I heard of, that was a pretender to Christian religion."2 It is possible that a desire to appropriate the land of the Indians to their own use may have had some influence on the populace then, as it has in more recent times.

Afterwards, orders were issued for the removal of the Indians to Deer Island; and Gookin relates the manner in which the Natick tribe was removed. "In pursuance of this order, Capt. Thomas Prentiss (who was a person civil and friendly to those Indians), with a party of horse, was commanded to bring them down speedily to a place called the Pines upon Charles River, about two miles above Cambridge, where boats were appointed to be in readiness to take them on board, and take them to the aforesaid island. . . . Good Mr. Eliot, that faithful instructor and teacher of the praying Indians, met them at the place before mentioned, where they were to be embarked, who 1 Coll. Amer. Antiq. Soc., ii. 449, 450. 2 Ibid., ii. 454.

1

comforted, and encouraged, and instructed, and prayed with them and for them; exhorting them to patience in their sufferings, and confirming the hearts of those disciples of Christ, and exhorting them to continue in the faith, for through many tribulations we must enter into the kingdom of heaven.. . In the night, about midnight, the tide serving, being the 30th of October, 1675, these poor creatures were shipped in three vessels and carried away to Deer Island above mentioned, which was distant from that place about four leagues, where I shall leave them at present." In May, 1676, many of the men having performed military service for the English, permission was granted by the General Court for the departure of the Indians from the Island. The remnant of the Natick tribe, after a temporary residence near Nonantum, returned to their own town, which was under the management of Indian officers for nearly a century, until it was incorporated as an English district in 1762. "From 1651 to 1762" Natick "was an Indian town; and its history is little more than a picture of wild Indians making unsuccessful attempts to clothe themselves in the robes of civilization." 2

While the Christian Indians were passing through this furnace of affliction, they had a faithful friend in Gookin, who labored constantly to avert the evils to which they were exposed and to alleviate those which they suffered. In this labor of love he had the constant support of Thomas Danforth, his associate in many a hard-fought political battle on other fields. Indeed it would seem that most of the magistrates, or Court of Assistants, concurred with him in a desire to deal kindly with the praying Indians; but that they were to some extent compelled by the populace to adopt harsh measures. He says, "the enmity, jealousy, and clamors of some people against them put the magistracy upon a kind of necessity to send them all to the island." Again, an Indian who had a certificate of fidelity from Gookin and was actually employed in the public service as a secret agent, was apprehended by Capt. Henchman, who, "being ignorant of the design, sent both him and his pass to the Governor, at Boston, who more to satisfy the clamors of the people than for any of fence committed by this man, he was committed to the common jail. . . . . He had committed no offence (that ever I heard of), but was imprisoned merely to still the clamors of the people, who railed much against this poor fellow, and fain would have

1 Coll. Amer. Antiq. Soc., ii. 473, 474.

2 Bacon's Hist. of Natick, p. 23.

3 Coll. Amer. Ant. Soc., ii. 485.

had him put to death (though they knew not wherefore). But those murmurings were not only against the Indian, but as much against Major Gookin, who granted him the certificate."1 Again, he says, "notwithstanding the council's endeavors in the former orders, and the testimony of these English witnesses 2 on behalf of the Christian Indians, yet the clamors and animosity among the common people increased daily, not only against those Indians, but also against all such English as were judged to be charitable to them, and particularly, many harsh reflections and speeches were uttered against Major Daniel Gookin and Mr. John Eliot." 3

As a specimen of the popular "clamors and animosity," I copy a few manuscripts : —

"Elizabeth Belcher, aged 57, Martha Remington aged 31, and Mary Mitchell, aged 20, being sworne, doe say, that on ye 28th day of Feb. last, abt 10 of the clocke at night, Ri: Scott came into ye house of ye said Belcher, and suddenly after he came in broak out into many hideous raileing expressions agt ye worl Capt. Daniel Gookin, calling him an Irish dog yt was never faithful to his country, the sonne of a whoare, a bitch, a rogue, God confound him, & God rott his soul, saying if I could meet him alone I would pistoll him. I wish my knife and sizers were in his heart. He is the devils interpreter. I and two or three more designed to cut of all Gookins brethren at the Island, but some English dog discovered it, the devil will plague him,” etc. Sworn before Simon Willard, Assistant, March 4, 1675-6. Scott was fined and imprisoned; he afterwards made a very humble confession, and was released.

Two copies of a written handbill are preserved, dated on the same day that Scott gave vent to his wrath: " Boston, February 28, 1675. Reader thou art desired not to supprese this paper, but to promote its designe, which is to certify (those traytors to their king and countrey) Guggins and Danford, that some generous spirits have vowed their destruction; as Christians wee warne them to prepare for death, for though they will deservedly dye, yet we wish the health of their soules. By y° new society. A. B. C. D." 5

1 Coll. Amer. Ant. Soc., ii. 481.

2 John Watson, Sen., and Henry Prentiss, both of Cambridge, who by direction of the Council dwelt with the Natick Indians about twelve weeks, and certified

their obedience to God and their faithfulness to the English.

3 Coll. Amer. Ant. Soc., ii. 452, 453. 4 Mass. Arch, xxx. 192.

5 Mass. Arch., xxx. 193.

The following memorandum was entered by Rev. John Eliot, on his Church Record: "1676. On the 7th day of the 24 month, Capt. Gookins, Mr. Danforth, & Mr. Stoughton w sent by the Council to order matters at Long Island for the Indians planting there, ya called me wth ym. In o way thither a great boat of about 14 ton, meeting us, turned head upon us (wheth willfully or by negligence, God he knoweth), ya run the sterne of or boate wr we 4 sat under water. Or boats saile or something tangled with the great boat, and by God's mercy kept to it. My cosin Jacob & cosin Perrie being forwarder in or boat quickly got up into the great boat. I so sunk yt I drank in salt water twice, & could not help it. God assisted my two cosins to deliver us all, & help us up into the great boat. We were not far frm the Castle, where we went ashore, dryed & refreshed, & y" went to the Island, performed of work, returned well home at night, praised be the Lord. Some thanked God, & some wished we had been drowned. Soone after, one yt wished we had been drowned, was himself drowned about the same place w1 we w1 so wonderfully delivered: the history w'off is". Here the account abruptly ends.

At a later day, John Marshall testified that on the 9th of October, 1677, "I saw John Joans driveing his trucks, whipping his horses which caused them to run very furiously; the worshipful Thomas Danforth being before the trucks shifted the way several times to escape the horses, and I was afraid they would have ran over him; but having escaped them, when the said Joans came to the wharfe where I was, I asked him why he drave his trucks soe hard to run over people, and told him he had like to have ran over Mr. Danforth; he answered it was noe matter if Mr. Danforth and Major Gucking were both hanged. Sworn in Court. J. Dudley, Assistant. 12. 8. 77. Said Jones is sentenced to be admonished, and not to drive a cart in Boston upon penalty of a severe whipping. J. DUDLEY, per order." 1

Gookin failed

On account of the popular exasperation, Capt. of election in May, 1676, as one of the Assistants. The General Court, however, manifested their sympathy and confidence, by promoting him, at their first session, to the office of Sergeantmajor, or chief commander of the militia in the County. During the year, the tide of feeling changed in his favor, and in May, 1677, he was reinstated in his former position as an Assistant. Thenceforth, both he and his associate, Danforth, retained their hold on the public confidence until the close of life.

1 Mass. Arch., viii. 4.

CHAPTER XXI.

MILITARY HISTORY.

AT the second meeting of the Court of Assistants after their arrival at Charlestown, Sept. 7, 1630, "half a year's provision was made for "Mr. Patrick and Mr. Underhill;" and at the next meeting, three weeks later, the sum of fifty pounds was assessed upon "the several plantations, for the maintenance" of the same persons.1 These were the commanders of the incipient militia. Of Daniel Patrick, Winthrop says, "This Captain was entertained by us out of Holland (where he was a common soldier of the Prince's guard) to exercise our men. We made him a captain, and maintained him."2 He resided a short time in Watertown, but came to Cambridge before May 1, 1632,3 and remained here until Nov. 1637, when he removed to Ipswich, and subsequently to Stamford, Connecticut, where he was killed by a Dutchman in 1643. During his residence here, the tract of upland surrounded by marsh, on which the Powder Magazine stands at the foot of Magazine Street, was granted by the town to him; and since that time it has been known as "Captain's Island." Thus, for five years, from 1632 to 1637, Cambridge was the head-quarters of one of the two principal military commanders. And when a more perfect organization of the militia was made, Dec. 13, 1636, the whole being divided into three regiments, Cambridge had a large share of the honors. Thomas Dudley, one of the founders of the town, was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the first regiment; and seven years later he was elected Major-general of all the militia. It was further ordered, "Charlestowne, Newetowne, Watertowne, Concord, Deddam, to bee another regiment, whearof John Haynes, Esq., shalbee colonell, and Rog". Herlakenden, Esq., leiftenant colonell." 4 Both were Cambridge men; the former had been Governor of

1 Mass. Col. Rec., i. 75, 77.

2 Savage's Winthrop, ii. 151.

8 Ibid., i. 74.

4 Mass. Col. Rec., i. 187.