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-which sum shows the average value of the produce of each acre to be $30.32.

On the Elgin road in Lower Canada, below Quebec, 23,507 acres have been allotted, of which 1,457 acres were under improvement; 238 souls were residing on the road, and 54 houses and 41 barns and stables erected. Grain and potatoes to the value of $3,291.30 were raised in 1860, and the actual amount of the settlers' labor on this colonization road was equal to $26,194 in 1860. The total length of coloniz ation roads opened in the province in 1860 amounted to 483 miles. This invasion of the wilderness by means of free grants of land to actual settlers, on lines of road cut out by the government, is fast peopling that vast region north of the immediate valley of the St. Lawrence and the great lakes, and must soon exercise a very important influ ence upon the wealth, power, and political influence of the country.

CENSUS OF 1851 AND 1861.

The following comparative tables will show the increase which has taken place in various agricultural productions in Upper Canada since 1851. The census tables for Lower Canada were not published at the time of going to press, and therefore the data for that part of the province is not so complete as for the sister half.

A comparison between the census reports of 1851 and 1861 will show in a very striking manner the progress which has been made in Agricultural Industry during the last ten years in Upper Canada.

COMPARATIVE TABLE

Of the Agricultural Products, &c., of Upper Canada in the years 1851 and 1861.

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It will be observed upon inspection of the foregoing table that in every item enumerated an increase has taken place, in some instances of a very favorable character, indicating progress in the true principles of farming practice.

The cultivation of root crops is progressing with extraordinary rapidity, as shown by the production of 18,000,000 bushels of turnips in 1861 against a little over 3,000,000 bushels in 1851. The production of mangel wurzel has increased tenfold; wheat has doubled itself; barley shows more than a fourfold increase; peas, threefold; and the production of flax and hemp in 1861 is. twenty times greater than in 1851. The cash value of the farms of Upper Canada reaches the enormous sum of $295,000,000. We now turn to the live stock as shown in the following

COMPARATIVE TABLE

Of Live Stock in Upper Canada in the years 1851 and 1861.

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The remarkable diminution in the numbers of bulls and oxen arises, probably, from the more general use of horses for farm work. The small increase in the number of sheep is surprising; but from the wool returns the fleece must be much heavier than formerly; for, while the increase of the number of sheep is only 120,057, the excess of the wool crop of 1861 over that of 1851 exceeds 1,000,000 pounds.

The third comparative table to which we now turn relates rather to manufactures than to agriculture: it exhibits the mode in which the raw material was utilized, and the progress made in domestic manufactures:

COMPARATIVE TABLE,

Showing the Number of Yards of Fulled Cloth, Flannel, and Linen Manufactured in Upper Canada in 1851 and 1861, respectively.

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In the manufacture of fulled cloth a marked diminution is perceptible; but a considerable increase has taken place in the production of linen and flannel,—yet far from being so large as might reasonably have been anticipated from the remarkable progress of the country in Agricultural Industry.

CHAPTER V.

FOREST INDUSTRY.

The Canadian forests are great but far from inexhaustible sources of national wealth. The circumstances attending the first settlement of a new country necessarily involved an enormous destruction of valuable trees, which at the time of the invasion of the wilderness by the pioneer of civilization were hewn down, cut into lengths, piled into heaps and consumed by fire as fast as possible, in order to admit the

warm sunlight to the earth and fit it for the plow. Millions of magnificent trees which would now command a fabulous price have been destroyed in this way, so that the lumberman is compelled year by year to retreat farther into the wilderness, and this will continue until the inferior quality of the timber arising from a too rigorous climate arrests his operations. The products of the Canadian forest consist chiefly of timber in all its forms, from the massive square timber to the crooked "knees" for ship-building, together with ashes, both pot and pearl.

TIMBER.

The following table will show the kinds of Canadian woods now brought into the markets, with the average prices:

Oak, per cubic foot, according to average
Elm,

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White Pine, square, do. do. and quality.

White Pine, Waney, do. according to average

Red Pine,

do. do.

Ash, do. 14 inches and upwards

Birch, do. 16 inches average..

Tamarac, do. according to average.

cts. cts.

.30 to 40

.25" 30

.10" 18

.18" 25

.18 "25

.15 "20

.17" 20

.171" 24

Walnut, do.

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.45" 50

Cherry, do.

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Basswood, per cubic foot, according to average.

.12" 15

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8" 12

Hickory,

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.27" 32

Maple, hard, do....

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Maple, bird-eye, do.

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Red Oak,

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Ash Oars, rough,.

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White Pine masts, $4 per inch, to say 20 inches; $6 to say

30 inches.

Red Pine spars, say 15 inches, $14 to $16.

The following table shows the export of timber during

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One hundred years ago (1759) the exports of lumber amounted to $31,250; about half a century since (1808) the value of the exports of lumber did not exceed $400,000, so that within the memory of many who can recollect lumbering operations at the commencement of the present century, the foreign trade has increased twenty-fold, besides the enormous quantities which have been consumed by a population growing from 300,000 to nearly 3,000,000 souls. The value of the imports of lumber in 1860 exceeded $10,000,000.

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