21. Sulphate of barytes has been found north of Fort Howe, near the city of St. John, and is said to exist in other localities.

22. Felspar, in large crystals, has been frequently seen in those granitic rocks which intersect gneiss. When pure, this mineral is admirably adapted for the manufacture of fine porcelain.

23. Milk-white quartz, in veins and beds more or less extensive, occurs in numerous localities. This substance may be profitably employed in the manufacture of flint glass. Quartz crystals, both limpid and smoky, are found in many places. The finest pure crystals have been procured near the Musquash river, in the county of St. John.

24. Ochres and the ochreous earths are found, in beds of considerable thickness, in the sandstones of the coal measures. From some of the ochres, of a ferruginous character, fire-proof paints have been manufactured, at the Scadouc river, near Shediac, in Westmorland.

25. Chlorite, the famous pipe-stone of the Indians, called by them Tomaganops, is procured at Grand Manan, and also at the Tomaganops brook, a tributary of the NorthWest Miramichi, in Northumberland. When first procured from its native bed it is of a dark-green color, compact, soft, and easily worked; by the moderate action of fire, it becomes very black and quite hard.

26. Jade (nephrite), a stone remarkable for its hardness and tenacity, of a light-green color, and of an oily appearance when polished, is found in the province, in localities known to the Indians. Some of them possess ancient scalping-knives and other weapons of jade, neatly polished, and bearing a fine cutting edge.

27. Jasper is found along the shores of the Bay of Chaleur, and other localities in the northern part of the province. The ancient arrow-heads, spear-heads, and other Indian implements of stone, for use in war or the chase, were chiefly formed of native blood-red jasper, exceeding

ly fine and hard, oftentimes emulating the appearance of the semipellucid gems.

28. Hornstone, or chert, is frequently found in the primary rocks, and has been especially noticed at Grand Manan and the Gannet Rock. It has been seen of various colors, and somewhat translucent. The Indians formerly used chert for the heads of their spears and arrows, although these were sometimes formed of white quartz.

29. Soapstone (steatite) is found in the northern part of the province by the Indians. Cooking pots, and other utensils of soapstone, are often found near their ancient camping-grounds.

30. Salt-springs, affording a copious supply of water, exist at Sussex Vale, from which salt has been manufactured for many years, by evaporation in boiling. This salt is peculiarly fine, and is supposed to improve the flavor of the excellent butter made in that valley. Saltsprings are also found along a small tributary of the Hammond river, in King's county, and near the river Tobique, in Victoria.

The origin of these springs is yet an unsettled question; and whether they arise from some unknown chemical action in the bowels of the earth, or are produced by the solution of beds of rock-salt, remains to be determined.

31. Sulphureous and ferruginous springs, and those emitting carburetted hydrogen, are found in numerous localities, in the coal measures and slates of the province; but as none of their waters have yet been analyzed, no precise description can be given of their several qualities.

Very many of the various minerals above described have been observed by the writer, in the localities mentioned; and there is reason to believe that others will be found as the country becomes cleared and more minutely explored.

In addition to the minerals already mentioned, Dr. Gesner states, that Talc and Talcose Slate, Mica Slate, Thompsonite, Stilbite, Apophyllite, Tourmaline, Serpen

tine, Iserine, Asbestos, Amethysts, Agates, and Garnets, exist in New Brunswick, but he does not indicate their several localities.

SHIP-BUILDING.

The advantages of New Brunswick for ship-building were apparent to its earliest settlers. Jonathan Leavitt, one of the first settlers in the harbor of St. John, built a small schooner there before 1770. This vessel was named the "Monneguash," that being the Indian name of the rocky peninsula on which the eastern part of the city of St. John now stands. In 1773, a large schooner was built at Miramichi, and named the "Miramichi," by William Davidson, the first British settler on that river. From these two schooners the province dates its ship-building, which may be said to have grown up with it, gradually increasing until it has attained its present extent and value.

The forests of New Brunswick supply timber of large size, in any quantity, for building ships of the first class. Such ships are principally built of black birch and larch, or hackmatack. The black birch is used for the keel, floor timbers, and lower planking; larch or hackmatack for all the other timbers, knees, and upper planking. American live and white oak are imported for the stems and posts of superior ships, and pitch pine for beams. White pine is used for the cabins and interior finishing, and for masts. The black spruce furnishes as fine yards and topmasts as any in the world. Elm, beech, maple, cedar, and spruce, are used in the construction of ships of the second class, and for small vessels.

Ship-building is prosecuted more extensively than else where at the ports of St. John and Miramichi, where it first commenced. Vessels are also built at St. Andrew's ; at various coves and harbors on the Bay of Fundy, especially at Teignmouth and Quaco; along the banks of the river St. John, for ninety miles from the sea, on the Kennebeckacis, one of its tributaries, and at the Grand Lake. Latterly, ship-building has been prosecuted to a

considerable extent on the banks of the Peticodiac river, and at Sackville, in Cumberland Basin. Within the Gulf of St. Lawrence, vessels have been chiefly built hitherto at Shemogue, Cocagne, Buctouche, Richibucto, Kou chibouguac, Miramichi, and Shippagan; at Bathurst and at Dalhousie, within the Bay of Chaleur; and at Cambelton on the Restigouché.

One of Lloyd's surveyors now resides in New Bruns wick, and all large vessels are subjected to his strict and careful supervision while in course of construction. Ships built under his inspection are classed before they go to sea; and such ships have justly attained a high character. The "Marco Polo," renowned for her sailing qualities, was built in the harbor of St. John, and has been followed by a fleet of other ships, equally famous for their strength, speed, and durability.

The following is a return of the new vessels registered in the province of New Brunswick, and their tonnage, in each year from the year 1825 to the year 1860, both years inclusive, including vessels built for owners in the United Kingdom, and sent home under certificate or governor's pass.

The vessels built in 1853, it will be observed, were of