another election at which town officers are cnosen, which completes the incorporation.

Classes of cities and towns. There are three classes of cities and towns. Those having fifteen thousand inhabitants or more are cities of the first class. Those having more than two thousand and less than fifteen thousand are cities of the second class. Those having two thousand or less are incorporated towns.

Mayor and council. The powers of a city or town are exercised through a mayor and city council or board of trustees, and other officers.

Powers. The powers of a town or city government are similar to those of a county or school district. Thus the mayor and council have charge of city property, levy taxes, make appropriations, etc. As the powers of municipal corporations are granted for the safety, comfort and well-being of the people, more extensive powers are necessary where many people are gathered in a small territory. Accordingly town and city governments are given powers which are not necessary to the school district or county.

Among these powers are:

1. To build sewers,

2. To establish gas and water works,

3. To provide police and fire departments,

4. To make regulations concerning streets, sidewalks, parks, etc.,

5. To preserve the public health by abating nuisances, by inspection of food, building material, steam boilers, etc., by regulating the storage of explosives, establishing fire limits, etc.,

6. To appoint or provide for the election of such subordinate officers, not provided by law, as they deem necessary.

Ordinances. The regulations made by a city council or town board of trustees-city or town laws-are called ordinances.

Pay of city and town officers. The pay of city and town officers when not fixed by law is fixed by the council or board of trustees.

OFFICERS OF CITIES.

He

Mayor. The mayor is elected biennially. presides over the council, sees that the ordinances are enforced, has a sheriff's power to keep the peace, and can remit fines.

Aldermen. The city council divides the city into wards. Each ward elects an alderman, biennially in first class cities, annually in second. He serves two years, so that in the former each ward has one alderman; in the latter, two. The aldermen make up the city council.

Other Officers.-In cities of the first class the voters elect a clerk, treasurer, auditor, attorney and engineer; the council elects a police judge; the mayor and council appoint the police. In cities of the second class the voters elect a clerk, treasurer, attorney, engineer, marshal, street supervisor and police magistrate. In cities of over 50,000 inhabitants the Governor appoints the police judge.

TOWN OFFICERS.

Mayor. The mayor is elected annually and presides over the board of trustees, having a vote only in case of a tie.

Trustees. Three trustees are elected by the voters of the town every year for terms of two years.

Other officers.-The board of trustees appoints or provides for the election of a recorder or clerk, a treasurer and attorney, and appoints a marshal. Vacancies are filled by the board.

THE CITY OF DENVER.

The city of Denver is acting under a special charter which has been often amended by the General Assembly. It provides more officers and confers more extensive powers than the general law. The city council is composed of two boards. The board of supervisors consists of five members elected at large by the voters of the city. The board of aldermen consists of one member from each ward. Ordinances are passed by bill subject to many restrictions similar to those imposed on the passage of state laws including the mayor's veto which the council can overcome by a three-fourths vote. The board of supervisors confirms appointments, tries contests of the election of city officers, etc.

The twentieth article of the constitution, adopted in 1902, combined the city government of Denver with the county government of Arapahoe County under the name City and County of Denver. The people are to make a charter for their own government. Until this is done the above provisions, somewhat modified by the twentieth article, hold good.

CHAPTER X.

STATE INSTITUTIONS.*

Boards of control. --The educational, charitable, reformatory and penal institutions of the State are under supervision each of a body of persons called the board of control, commissioners or trustees. Except

*The Agricultural College, the School of Mines, the School for the Deaf and the Blind, and the Insane Asylum receive the proceeds of a tax of one-fifth of a mill each; the State University receives two-fifths of a mill; the Normal School receives one-sixth of a mill. The Agricultural College receives some revenue from the United States and from the sale of state lands. The Insane Asylum, the University, and the Penitentiary each receives some direct appropriation. The rest of the institutions are supported principally by direct appropriation. Earnings of institutions from products sold, fees, tuition, etc., are used for their benefit respectively.

ing the Regents of the State University, the members of these boards are appointed by the Governor, most of them with the consent of the Senate.

Powers of boards. These boards have in general the power of making regulations for the government of their respective institutions, of appointing professors and officers and fixing their salaries, and of expending the appropriations and revenue.

Reports. These boards or some of their officers make an annual or biennial report to the Governor or Superintendent of Public Instruction.

Tuition. The tuition is practically free at all the educational institutions.

THE UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO.

Location.-Boulder.

Object. Its object is to provide the 'best and most efficient means of imparting to young men and women, on equal terms, a liberal education and thorough knowledge of the different branches of literature, the arts and sciences, with their varied applications'.

Board of Regents.--The University is under the control of a board of six regents elected by the people of the State. Two regents are elected every second year for terms of six years.

THE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

Location.--Fort Collins.

Object.-Its object is to afford thorough instruction in agriculture, and the natural sciences connected therewith'.

Board of control. The State Board of Agriculture has general control and supervision of this institution. It elects a secretary.

Secretary's duties. The secretary collects information in regard to agriculture, keeps records of the

transactions of the board and college, distributes seeds and plants, makes up the annual report, etc.

STATE SCHOOL OF MINES.

Location.-Golden.

Object. Its object is to provide instruction in mining and civil engineering, metallurgy, assaying, geol

ogy,

etc.

STATE NORMAL SCHOOL.

Location.-Greeley.

Object. The purpose of this institution is 'instruction in the science and art of teaching', and 'in such branches of knowledge as shall qualify teachers for their profession'.

SCHOOL FOR THE DEAF AND THE BLIND.

Location. Colorado Springs.

Object.-Every blind or deaf and dumb citizen of the State over six and under twenty-one years of age is entitled to receive an education in this school at the expense of the State. Persons over twentyone may be admitted at the option of the board of trustees. If parents are able to pay for the support of their children at this institution, they are required to do so.

THE INSANE ASYLUM.

Location.-Pueblo.

Object. The object of this asylum is the treatment and cure of insane persons.

Inquest of lunacy. The process by which a person is declared insane is called an inquest of lunacy. Upon complaint to the county court by a reputable person alleging that any person is so insane as to be incapable of caring for his property or as to endanger persons or property, the county judge orders a jury