A FORM OF INTERNATIONAL TREATY OF ARBI. TRATION FOR PERMANENT ADOPTION

BETWEEN STATES.

Prepared by the late M. CHARLES LEMONNIER, Doctor of Law, and President of the "Ligue Internationale de la

Paix et de la Liberté."

ART. I. The two contracting parties undertake to submit to a tribunal, endowed with the constitution, jurisdiction, and powers to be described in the following articles, all differences and all difficulties which may arise between the two nations during the term of the present treaty, whatever may be the cause, nature, or subject-matter of such disputes. Moreover, the two States undertake, in the most absolute manner, without restriction or reserve, directly or indirectly, to have no recourse to warlike proceedings of any kind or description.

ART. II.-Every difference which may have arisen, or which may arise, between the two nations shall be submitted to a tribunal composed of three persons; and its decisions shall be final and without appeal. The Power which takes the initiative in such a case, when inviting the other Power to constitute an arbitral tribunal, shall report the name of the arbitrator whom it has selected, and the latter shall reply within fifteen days of this notification by naming a second arbitrator.

Within a month from the time of such nomination, the two arbitrators shall jointly name a third arbitrator.

ART. III. Within a month from the date when the third arbitrator is selected, the following matters shall be specified in the Agreement:-The constitution of the tribunal; the duties of the arbitrators; the subject of the dispute; the respective claims of the parties; and the place where the tribunal shall be constituted.

This Agreement shall be signed by the representatives of the parties, and by the arbitrators.

FORMULE D'UN TRAITÉ D'ARBITRAGE PERMANENT

ENTRE NATIONS

PAR CH. LEMONNIER.

ARTICLE I. Les deux parties contractantes s'engagent à soumettre au tribunal arbitral, dont la constitution, la juridiction et la compétence seront fixées plus bas, tous les différends et toutes les difficultés qui pourront naître entre les deux peuples pendant la durée du présent traité, quels que puissent être la cause, la nature et l'objet de ces difficultés. Les deux nations renonçant de la façon la plus absolue, sans aucune exception, restriction ni réserve, à user, l'une vis-à-vis de l'autre, directement ni indirectement, d'aucun moyen ni procédé de guerre.

ART. 2.

Tout différend né ou à naître entre les deux peuples sera soumis à un tribunal composé de trois personnes, lequel jugera sans appel et en dernier ressort.

La partie la plus diligente, en requérant de l'autre la constitution du tribunal arbitral, lui fera connaître l'arbitre choisi par elle, et celle-ci devra répondre dans la quinzaine de la notification à elle Dans le mois faite, par la désignation d'un autre arbitre. qui suivra cette désignation, les deux arbitres en nommeront un troisième.

ART. 3.-Le compromis qui, dans le mois de l'acceptation du troisième arbitre, constatera par écrit la constitution du tribunal, déterminera la mission des arbitres, en fixant l'objet du litige, les prétentions respectives des parties, et le lieu de la réunion du tribunal. Ce compromis sera signé par les représentants des parties et par les arbitres.

ART. IV. In the absence of positive international law for their guidance, the contracting parties shall expressly agree that, in all the cases which may be submitted to them, the arbitrators shall be guided by, and apply the following rules and principles, which the parties undertake to recognise as having the force of law:

(a) All nations are in relations of complete equality, whatever may be the number of their population, or the extent of their territory

(b) Every nation possesses sovereign rights, and is responsible to other nations both for its own acts, and for those of its subjects and citizens, as well as for the acts of its Government.

(c) The right of a nation to belong to itself and to govern itself is inalienable and imprescriptible.

(d) No individual, Government, or people can, under any pretext, legitimately dispose of the fortunes of another people by annexation, by conquest, or by any other means whatever. (e) Four conditions are requisite to the validity of any convention or treaty between nations, as follows:

(1.) Capacity to enter into contracts with another party.

(2.) Free consent on the part of both.

(3.) A definite object as the subject-matter of the agreement.

(4.) A lawful purpose-that is to say, one which does not affect public order or morals.

(f) Any clause, treaty, or agreement shall be null and void, because contrary to public order and morality, which includes any of the following purposes :

Any infringement of the sovereign rights and independence of one or more nations or persons; a war which is not strictly defensive; any conquest, invasion, hostile occupation,

ART. 4.

En l'absence d'une loi internationale positive qui les régisse, les parties contractantes conviennent expressément que dans tous les cas qui pourront leur être déférés par elles, les arbitres consulteront et appliqueront les règles et les principes qui suivent, auxquels les parties entendent donner entre elles force de loi :

I. Les peuples sont égaux entre eux, sans égard à la superficie des territoires, non plus qu'à la densité des populations.

II. Les peuples s'appartiennent à eux-mêmes; ils sont responsables les uns envers les autres, tant de leurs propres actes que des actes des sujets ou citoyens qui les composent ainsi que des actes de leurs gouvernements.

III. Le droit des peuples à s'appartenir et à se gouverner eux-mêmes est inaliénable et imprescriptible.

IV. Nul individu, nul gouvernement, nul peuple ne peut légitimement ni sous aucun prétexte disposer d'un autre peuple par annexion, par conquête ou de quelque autre façon que ce soit.

V. Quatre conditions sont requises pour la validité de toute convention et de tout traité entre peuples :

La capacité de contracter chez l'une et l'autre parties;
Le libre consentement de l'une et de l'autre ;

Un objet certain qui forme la matière de l'engagement; Une cause licite, c'est-à-dire qui ne blesse ni l'ordre public ni les bonnes mœurs.

VI. Est nul comme contraire à l'ordre public et aux bonnes mœurs, toute clause, convention ou traité ayant pour objet :

Toute atteinte à l'autonomie d'un ou de plusieurs peuples, ou individus;

Toute guerre qui n'est point strictement défensive;

Toute conquête, invasion, occupation, partage, démembre

dismemberment, cession, annexation or acquisition, on any grounds or under any circumstances whatever, of the whole or part of a territory occupied by one people, or by any population whatever, if such occupation has not been previously accepted by the inhabitants, both male and female.

(g) Every nation which is invaded has the right, for purposes of defence, to make use of all the resources of its territory, and of all the collective or individual forces of its inhabitants; and the exercise of this right is not subject to any conditions whatever.

(h) War becomes culpable from the moment that it passes from the defensive to the offensive, and in order to enter upon the illicit course of invasion and conquest.

Moreover, in accordance with the special character of each case referred to arbitrators, the Agreement should, as per Article III., define the constitution of the tribunal and the subject of the dispute. Again, it should if necessary prescribe the special rules, which, like the general rules above stated, will constitute the law to be put in force by the arbitrators.

If it happens that in applying the provisions of this article some difficulty or obscurity occurs, the arbitrators shall supply what is wanted, as their conscience and reason may direct; and they shall not fail to pronounce a decision in any case submitted to them. Nor shall they fail to carry out the principles laid down in the above article.

ART. V. The Agreement shall prescribe the duration of the functions of the arbitrators; but the term may be extended at the consent of the parties. Should it happen that the treaty ceases to be in force before the expiration of the powers conferred upon the arbitrators by the last agreement between the parties, those powers shall not be thereby terminated or invalidated in any respect whatever.

ART. VI. The arbitrators shall themselves determine their procedure, fix the periods for the execution of processes, and