future peace; such as the employment of assassins (percussores) or poisoners (venefici), the violation of a capitulation, the instigation of treason in a State (perduellio) against which it is making war, and such like.

SECOND SECTION,

which contains the Definitive Articles for a perpetual Peace between States.

ART. 1. The civil constitution in every State ought to be republican.

A Republican Constitution is one that is founded

(1.) On the principle of the Liberty of the members of a society (as men);

(2.) On the principle of the Dependence of all on a single common Legislation (as subjects);

(3.) And thirdly, on the law of Equality of its members (as citizens).

ART. 2.-International right should be founded on a federation of Free States.

ART. 3.-The rights of men as citizens of the world should be restricted to conditions of universal hospitality.

FIRST SUPPLEMENT

OF THE GUARANTEE OF PERPETUAL PEACE.

This guarantee is furnished by nothing less than the great artist Nature herself (Natura dadala rerum).

The provisional arrangements of Nature are these:

(1.) She has made it possible for men to live in all parts of the earth.

réciproque quand il sera question de la paix. Tels seraient l'usage que l'on ferait d'assassins (percussures), ou d'empoissonneurs (venefici), la violation d'une capitulation, l'encouragement secret à la rébellion (perduellio), etc. etc.

DEUXIÈME SECTION.

Articles définitifs d'un Traité de Paix perpétuelle entre les Etats.

ARTICLE 1.-La Constitution civile de chaque Etat doit être républicaine.

Elle seule est établie sur des principes compatibles :

1o. Avec la liberté qui doit appartenir à tous les membres d'une société en leur qualité d'hommes ;

2o. Avec l'égale soumission de tous à une législation commune comme sujets ;

3°. Enfin, avec le droit d'égalité qui appartient à tous et à chacun comme membres de l'Etat.

ART. 2.-Le Droit international doit être fondé sur une fédéra tion d'Etats libres.

ART. 3.-Le Droit cosmopolitique doit se borner aux conditions d'une hospitalité universelle.

PREMIER SUPPLÉMENT

de la garantie de la Paix perpétuelle.

Nous avons pour garant de la Paix perpétuelle l'ingénieuse et grande ouvrière, la Nature elle-même (natura dædala rerum).

Voici ses dispositions préparatoires:

1o. Elle a mis les hommes en état de vivre dans tous les

climats ;

M

(2.) She has dispersed them everywhere by means of war, so that they might populate even the most inhospitable regions.

(3.) By this same means she has compelled them to enter into relations more or less of a judicial character.

SECOND SUPPLEMENT.

SECRET ARTICLE FOR SECURING PERPETUAL PEACE.

The only Article of this kind is contained in the following proposition: The maxims of philosophers as to the conditions of the possibility of a public Peace must be taken into account by the States that are armed for war.

APPENDIX.

I. On the disagreement between Morality and Politics in reference to Perpetual Peace.

II. Of the Agreement between Politics and Morality according to the transcendental conception of Public Right.

If it is a duty to bring about a state of Public Right (i.e., a juridical status), if at the same time there is a well-grounded hope of doing so, though only by an approximation that seems altogether indefinite, then is Perpetual Peace, which is to follow the hitherto falsely-named Treaties of Peace (strictly speaking, only armistices), no empty idea, but a practical problem which, by being gradually solved, is ever coming nearer to its consummation, because these times of progress are, let us hope, hastening its approach.

2o. Elle les a dispersés au moyen de la guerre, afin qu'ils

peuplassent les régions les plus inhospitalières;

3o. Elle les a forcés par la même voie à contracter des relations plus ou moins juridiques.

DEUXIÈME SUPPLÉMENT.

Article secret d'un Traité de Paix perpétuelle.

Ici le seul article de ce genre sera le suivant :

Les maximes des philosophes sur les conditions qui rendent possible la Paix perpétuelle doivent être consultées par les Etats armés pour la guerre.”

APPENDICE.

I. De l'opposition qui se trouverait entre la morale et la politique au sujet de la Paix perpétuelle.

II. De l'accord que l'idée transcendante du droit établit entre la politique et la morale.

S'il est de devoir, si même on peut concevoir l'espérance fondée de réaliser, quoique par des progrès sans fin, le règne du droit public, la paix perpétuelle qui succédera aux Trèves, jusqu'ici nommées Traités de Paix, n'est donc pas une chimère, mais un problème dont le temps, vraisemblablement abrégé par l'accélération de la marche progressive de l'esprit humain, nous promet la solution.

A TRIBUNAL IN EUROPE

BY CHATEAUBRIAND.

Chateaubriand, in his "Genius of Christianity," which made its appearance in 1802, says :

"If you take a more extensive view of the influence of Christianity on the political existence of the nations of Europe, you will see that it prevented famines, and saved our ancestors from their own fury, by proclaiming those intervals of Peace denominated the 'Peace of God,' during which they secured the harvest and the vintage. In popular commotions the Popes often appeared in public like the greatest princes. By rousing sovereigns, sounding the alarm, and forming leagues, they pre vented the West from falling a prey to the Turks. This service alone rendered to the world by the Church would entitle her to a religious veneration.

"Men unworthy of the name of Christians slaughtered the people of the New World, and the Court of Rome fulminated its bulls to prevent these atrocities.

"Slavery was authorised by law, and the Church acknowledged no slaves among her children. The very excesses of the Court of Rome have served to diffuse the general principles of the law of nations. When the Popes laid kingdoms under an interdict,when they made emperors account for their conduct to the Holy See, they arrogated a power of which they were not possessed, but in humbling the majesty of the throne they, perhaps, conferred a benefit on mankind. Kings became more circumspect--they felt that they had a curb, and the people a protector. The papal rescripts never failed to mingle the voice of nations and the general interests of humanity with particular complaints. We