The French Revolution: An Economic InterpretationCambridge University Press, 22 Mar 1990 - 226 halaman The economic history of revolutionary France is still a neglected area in studies of the revolution of 1789. While some attention has been given to the condition of the peasants, the urban working classes and the financial crisis of the Ancien Régime, there has been a general tendency to regard economic factors as external and somewhat peripheral to the truly political nature of the Revolution. This book is designed to redress the balance, providing a clear, accessible and thought-provoking guide to the economic background to the French Revolution. Professor Aftalion analyzes the policies followed by successive Revolutionary assemblies, examining in detail taxation, the confiscation of church property, the assignats, and the siege economy of the Terror. He shows how decisions taken in 1789 by the Constituent Assembly inevitably led to a deepening financial and economic crisis, and to increasingly radical and disastrous policies. The study is important also for its exposure of many of the economic fallacies propounded both by many Frenchmen at the time, and later by many modern historians. |
Isi
Figures | x |
Chronology | xi |
Acknowledgements | xviii |
Introduction | 1 |
The fiscal crisis | 11 |
Taxfarmers and financiers | 15 |
The origins of the Royal Treasurys difficulties | 18 |
Louis XVIs missed opportunities | 21 |
The first assignats issued by the Convention | 123 |
The Enragés | 126 |
The taxing of the rich | 129 |
The alliance of the Mountain with the Enrages | 131 |
The effects of the first Maximum | 134 |
Economic dictatorship | 138 |
Vain attempts to reduce the quantity of assignats | 142 |
Terror the order of the day | 146 |
Neckers expedients | 23 |
Cahnnes skill in deception | 25 |
From Brienne to the return of Necker and the calling of the EstatesGeneral | 27 |
The French economy at the end of the Ancien Régime | 31 |
Crises | 36 |
Economic thought and the Enlightenment | 43 |
1789 | 48 |
The seizure of power by the Constituent Assembly | 49 |
The new organisation of government | 52 |
Financial problems | 55 |
From Mirabeaus ambitions to Duponts wisdom | 59 |
The nationalisation of church property | 61 |
The assignats | 68 |
The first debate on the assignats | 70 |
The second issue of assignats | 76 |
The finances of the Constituent Assembly | 86 |
Evaluation of the new fiscal system | 92 |
The assignats and the monetary crisis | 95 |
The sale of the biens nationaux | 99 |
The rising cost of living anarchy and war | 102 |
Anarchy and fiscal crisis | 103 |
Further issues of assignats | 106 |
The rising cost of living | 108 |
The return of price controls | 115 |
The seizure of power by the Mountain | 119 |
The provisional return to free trade in grain | 120 |
The General Maximum | 149 |
The centralisation of the economy | 151 |
The fall of the Hébertists | 153 |
Financial arrangements during the Terror | 157 |
The war of the patriots against the rich | 158 |
Dirigisme in retreat | 163 |
The gradual reintroduction of free trade | 164 |
The famine of Year III | 167 |
The end of the assignats | 171 |
The lamentable episode of the mandats territoriaux | 173 |
The Directorys financial distress | 177 |
The French Revolution economic considerations | 180 |
The depreciation of the assignats | 181 |
The assignats and the redistribution of wealth | 184 |
The question of property rights | 187 |
The economic consequences of the Revolution | 191 |
Appendices | 196 |
The grain trade | 198 |
The life of Dupont de Nemours | 200 |
Value of the bids for the biens nationaux | 204 |
Econometric study of the depreciation of the assignats | 206 |
Notes | 208 |
218 | |
220 | |
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Istilah dan frasa umum
9 Thermidor abbé abbé Maury agricultural Ancien Régime August biens nationaux bread Calonne cent church property circulation coin Committee of Public consequences Constituent Assembly Convention currency debate debt decisions declared decrees demand depreciation deputies Dirigisme Dupont economic effect émigrés Enragés Estates-General expenditure fact fiscal system foodstuffs France free trade French economy French Revolution Girondin harvest Hébertists hoarders hoarding income interest issue of assignats Jacobin Jacques Roux King land latter Legislative Assembly loans Louis Louis XVI mandats Marcel Marion Maximum measures merchants million livres ministers Mirabeau months nation Necker paper money Paris Parlements patriots payment peasants period Physiocrats policies political popular price controls problems production property rights proposed purchasing quantity reforms regulation represented revolutionary rise royal sale of biens sans-culottes seemed sell September situation state's creditors subsistence crisis taxation taxes Terror Thermidor Third Estate Treasury Treasury's Turgot voted wholly
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