yield produce; so that there is an animate power equal to that of 810 laborers, for the cultivation of every thousand hectares. The total number of hectares of productive land in Great Britain is 21,643,000; so that there is an animate power equal to that of 1138 working men for every thousand hectares. The produce of the land, in the respective countries, is in proportion to the power employed respectively in its cultivation. The case is the same in regard to manufactures. The human force in France employed in commercial and manufacturing industry, is equivalent, according to the calculations already stated, to 4,203,019 effective working men; to this power must be added that supplied by the use of horses, the number of which is computed at 300,000 employed in transport, for the saddle, in draught, &c. whereby the animate force of France is raised to 6,303,019 power of men. The human force of Great Britain employed in commerce and manufactures, is equivalent to 4,264,893 effective men; to this power, then, must also be added the power of 250,000 animals, employed in divers works of industry. These will raise the animate force of England and Scotland to 6,014,893; to which there must be superadded the approximating value of 1,260,604 effective men for Ireland: so that the commercial and manufacturing animate power of the United Kingdom must be computed at 7,275,497 laboring men. The comparative results of the animate forces will be as follows: It thus appears, that in considering the animate forces alone, France has the advantage over Great Britain in a ratio nearly of one seventh. But if the superficial extent of the countries be considered, it will be seen, that Great Britain gives subsistence to a much larger animate force in proportion than France. To these animate powers should be joined also, in the case of both the countries, the inanimate powers, or the force supplied by water, wind, and steam; and the whole productive and commercial manufacturing power of England and France will be ascertained. The total number of mills in France has been computed by the French authors on statistics at 76,000, of which about 10,000 may be set down as windmills; the total force of hydraulic machines employed for forges, furnaces, and machinery of every kind, is equal to the third part of that of the 10,000 windmills; the wind, as employed in navigation, is equivalent to the power of 3,000,000 of men; and, lastly, the steam-engines in operation in France, exceed the power of 60,000 dynames,* equivalent to the power of 480,000 working men turning a winch. It has been calculated also, by the same writers, that besides windmills, hydraulic machines, &c., Great Britain possesses, in steam-engines alone, a moving power of at least 800,000 dynames, the effect of which is equal to the power of 6,400,000 men employed at the windlass. The commercial and manufacturing power of France is, therefore, in proportion to that of Great Britain, as follows :— Thus, the total of the inanimate force applied to the arts of all descriptions in France, scarcely exceeds the fourth of the same power applied to the same purposes in Great Britain; and the whole animate and inanimate power of Great Britain, applied to manufactures and commerce, is nearly treble the amount of that so applied in France. The agricultural power and the manufacturing and commercial power of the two countries bear a corresponding proportion to the total of the agricultural and manufactured produce, and their value in commerce. By comparing the total of the forces of the two countries, we shall have A dyname is equal to a thousand kilograms raised to the height of 1000 metres; eight men employed at a winch can in one day raise a thousand kilograms to the height of a thousand metres, or, in other words, can produce a dyname of labor. If the year 1780 be assumed, and the population of France at that time be taken at 24,800,000, and that of England at 12,500,000, there will remain, by a proximate calculation, the following results. Hence it appears that the mean annual increase of effective force in Great Britain, for the last forty-six years, has been three times as great in England as in France. XXVI. SOVEREIGN POWERS OF EUROPE. AUSTRIA. Francis I., archduke of Austria, born 12 Feb., 1768; king of Hungary and Bohemia, 1 March, 1792; emperor of Austria, 11 Aug., 1804. Charlotte-Augusta, princess of Bavaria, empress, born 8 Feb., 1792. BAVARIA. Louis-Charles-Augustus, born 25 Aug., 1756; king of Bavaria in 1825; married 12 Oct., 1810, to Theresa-Charlotte-Louisa-Fred.-Amelia of SaxeHildburghausen, born 8 July, 1792. DENMARK. Frederic VI., king of Denmark 13 March, 1808; born 28 Jan., 1768; married 31 July, 1790, to Maria-Sophia-Frederic of Hesse-Cassel, queen of Denmark; born 28 Oct., 1767. FRANCE. Charles X., born at Versailles, 9 Oct., 1757; king of France and Navarre, 16 Sept., 1824. Louis-Anthony of France (dauphin), born at Versailles, 16 Aug., 1775; married 10 June, 1799, to Maria-Theresa-Charlotte of France (dauphiness), daughter of Louis XVI.; born at Versailles 19 Dec., 1778. GREAT BRITAIN. George IV., born 12 Aug., 1762; king of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and of Hanover, 29 Jan., 1820. NETHERLANDS. William-Frederic, born 23 Aug., 1772; king of the Netherlands 16 March, 1815; married 1 Oct., 1791, to Frederica-Wilhelmina-Louisa, of Prussia, born 18 Nov., 1774. William-Frederic-George-Louis, prince of Orange; born 6 Dec., 1792; married 21 Feb., 1816, to the Grand Duchess Anne Polowna, sister to the emperor of Russia. POLAND. Nicholas Paulowitz, emperor of Russia; king of Poland 1 Dec., 1825. PORTUGAL. Don Miguel, born 26 Oct., 1802. PRUSSIA. Frederic-William III., born 3 Aug., 1770; king of Prussia 16 Nov., 1787. Frederic-William, prince royal, born 15 Oct., 1795; married 29 Nov., 1823, to Elizabeth-Louisa, princess of Bavaria, born 12 Nov., 1801. RUSSIA. Nicholas Paulowitz, emperor of all the Russias, born 2 July, 1796; married, 13 July, 1817, to the Grand Duchess Alexandrina-Wilhelmina of Prussia, born 13 July, 1796. SARDINIA. Charles-Felix of Savoy, born 6 April, 1765; king of Sardinia 13 March, 1821; married, 7 March, 1807, to Maria-Christina-Amelia-Theresa, daughter to the king of the Two Sicilies, born 17 Jan., 1779. SAXONY. Frederic-Augustus, born 23 Dec., 1750; king of Saxony in Dec., 1806; married, 29 Jan., 1769, to Maria-Amelia-Augusta, sister to the king of Bavaria, queen of Saxony, born 11 May, 1750. Maria-Augusta-Antoinette, princess royal of Saxony, born 21 June, 1782. SPAIN. Ferdinand VII., born 13 Oct., 1784; king of Spain and the Indies, 19 March, 1808. SWEDEN AND NORWAY. Charles-John, born 26 Jan., 1764; king of Sweden and Norway, 6 Feb., 1818. Joseph-Francis-Oscar, prince royal of Sweden, born 6 July, 1799; married, 19 June, 1823, to Josephine-Maximilienne-Eugenia of Bavaria, born 14 March, 1807. SWITZERLAND. M. De Wiss, burgomaster of the city and republic of Zurich, president of the Federal Directory. THE TWO SICILIES. Francis I., born 19 Aug., 1777; king of the Two Sicilies 4 Jan., 1825; married to Maria-Isabella, sister to the king of Spain, born 5 July, 1789. TURKEY. Mahmoud II., born in 1784; proclaimed emperor 11 Aug., 1808. WURTEMBURG. William, king of Wurtemburg, 30 Oct., 1816; born 27 Sept., 1781. Paulina-Theresa-Louisa of Wurtemburg, queen of Wurtemburg, born 11 Sept., 1800. Charles-Frederic-Alexander, prince royal of Wurtemburg, born 6 March, 1823. |